Continuum Audio
Continuum Audio features conversations with the guest editors and authors of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, the premier topic-based neurology clinical review and CME journal from the American Academy of Neurology. AAN members can earn CME for listening to interviews for review articles and completing the evaluation on the AAN's Online Learning Center.
Episodes
Sleep Diagnostics and Monitoring Technology in Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Dr. Joyce K. Lee-Iannotti
Advances in sleep technology are transforming how neurologists identify and manage obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that affects up to 70% of patients with certain neurologic disorders and can negatively impact cognitive and neurologic outcomes if left untreated. In this episode, Dr. Joyce Lee-Iannotti discusses the growing role of wearable and nearable sleep-monitoring devices, when home sle
Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Dr. Stephanie M. Stahl
Obstructive sleep apnea affects approximately one in four adults and is especially common among patients with neurologic disorders, including stroke, Parkinson disease, dementia, epilepsy, and neuromuscular conditions. In this episode, Dr. Stephanie Stahl discusses why neurologists should routinely screen for OSA, highlights key symptoms and risk factors, reviews important considerations when int
August 2026 Sleep Neurology Issue With Dr. Karin Johnson
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Karin G. Johnson, MD, FAAN, who served as the guest editor of the August 2026 Sleep Neurology issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on August 3, 2026. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Johnson is
Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Malformations With Dr. Edgar A Samaneigo
Unruptured intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations are frequently discovered incidentally on neuroimaging, presenting complex decisions around monitoring, referral, and treatment. This episode highlights key risk factors for rupture, the role of imaging in evaluation, and practical approaches to triage and management, including when specialist intervention is warranted. In this ep
Transitional Stroke Care and the Road to Recovery With Dr. Mona N. Bahouth
The period immediately after hospital discharge is a critical yet often overlooked phase in stroke recovery, marked by both heightened vulnerability and opportunities for rapid brain repair. This episode explores the concept of transitional stroke care, emphasizing early specialist follow up, coordinated multidisciplinary support, and targeted interventions to improve outcomes and reduce complica
Intracerebral Hemorrhage With Drs. Wendy Ziai & Vishank Shah
Intracerebral hemorrhage carries high morbidity and mortality, but growing evidence highlights meaningful opportunities for prevention, risk reduction, and long-term recovery. This episode covers key strategies, including blood pressure management, interpretation of neuroimaging markers, and individualized decisions around antithrombotic therapy. It also emphasizes the prolonged recovery timeline
Stroke in Children and Younger Adults With Dr. Thalia S. Field
Stroke in children and younger adults differs significantly from adult stroke, with varied presentations and a broader range of underlying causes such as congenital heart disease and arteriopathies. This episode highlights key diagnostic considerations and evolving approaches to treatment in these younger populations. In this episode, Aaron L. Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN, speaks with Thalia S. Fiel
Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke With Dr. Christopher R. Leon-Guerrero
Rapid advances in acute ischemic stroke care have expanded treatment windows and improved patient outcomes through thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and optimized antithrombotic strategies. This episode highlights evolving approaches to patient selection, the growing role of tenecteplase, and the importance of team-based systems of care in delivering timely, effective treatment. In this epi
Pregnancy and Stroke Risk With Dr. Michelle Leppert
Pregnancy and the postpartum period are critical windows of increased stroke risk, driven by physiologic changes such as hypercoagulability and blood pressure fluctuations. This episode highlights key warning signs, including headache and hypertension, along with practical guidance on evaluation, management, and risk reduction to improve outcomes for pregnant and postpartum patients. In this epi
Stroke Prevention With Dr. Mitchell S.V. Elkind
Primary stroke prevention is a critical opportunity for neurologists, with most stroke risk driven by modifiable factors such as hypertension and lifestyle behaviors. This episode highlights practical tools and strategies, including Life's Essential 8 and contemporary risk calculators, while also exploring evolving approaches to shared decision making and secondary prevention. In this episode, K
Social Determinants of Health and Their Impacts on Stroke Prevention and Outcomes With Dr. Nneka Ifejika
Social determinants of health, including housing, food access, insurance status, and structural inequities, significantly influence stroke prevention, recovery, and long term outcomes. These factors affect biological risk, treatment adherence, and disparities in care, even when traditional clinical measures are addressed. This episode highlights practical strategies for integrating screening, lev
June 2026 Cerebrovascular Disease Issue With Dr. Cheryl Bushnell
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Cheryl Bushnell, MD, MHS, who served as the guest editor of the June 2026 Cerebrovascular Disease issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on June 3, 2026. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Bushnell
Family Planning in Neuroinflammatory Disease With Drs. Ruth Dobson and Kerstin Hellwig
Balancing disease control with pregnancy and neonatal considerations in people with neuroinflammatory disease throughout the family planning, pregnancy, and postpartum periods is crucial. Modern treatment paradigms enable women to safely become pregnant and breastfeed alongside effective disease management. Shared decision making is an important part of this process. In this episode, Kait Nevel
Palliative Care in Multiple Sclerosis With Drs. Penelope Smyth and Janis M. Miyasaki
Palliative care in multiple sclerosis spans the disease course, from early screening and support after diagnosis to symptom management and quality‑of‑life optimization in midstage disease, and end‑of‑life care in advanced MS. This episode outlines a staged approach to palliative care, highlights the roles of neurology and primary care teams, and discusses tools such as patient‑reported outcomes a
Infection Risk and Vaccine Considerations in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders With Dr. Avindra Nath
Advances in immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis and related disorders have increased the risk of infections and raised important questions about vaccination efficacy. This episode reviews infection risks across treatment classes, emphasizes the importance of monitoring and patient education, and discusses optimal vaccine timing to preserve protective immune responses. In this episode, Aaron L
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis With Drs. Ellen M. Mowry and Daniel Ontaneda
There are many treatment options for people with relapsing MS. Patients should be carefully monitored to assess treatment response, and a change in treatment approach should be considered if safety concerns emerge. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN, speaks with Ellen M. Mowry, MD, MCR, and Daniel Ontaneda, MD, PhD, coauthors of the article "Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis" in the Cont
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder With Dr. Sara Mariotto
Although rare, recognizing NMOSD is crucial for improving patient outcomes through correct diagnostic and treatment approaches. Reports of atypical forms and increasing knowledge of clinical, imaging, and laboratory-specific features are fundamental for the accurate recognition of this condition. Research on targeted therapies and biomarkers measuring and predicting disease activity will improve N
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody–Associated Disease With Dr. Eoin P. Flanagan
Familiarity with the clinical, MRI, CSF, and serologic features of MOGAD can help neurologists recognize this condition in clinical practice. Awareness of the utility and pitfalls of the MOG antibody test is critical. The current therapeutic approach is guided by retrospective studies and the application of immunotherapies used in other autoimmune neurologic disorders. In this episode, Gordon Sm
Adult-Onset Leukodystrophies Mimicking Multiple Sclerosis With Dr. Roberta La Piana
Adult‑onset leukodystrophies, though rare, can closely mimic MS on both clinical presentation and neuroimaging, posing a significant diagnostic challenge. This episode highlights key clinical and radiologic red flags that can help distinguish these disorders from MS, preventing misdiagnosis and avoiding inappropriate treatment while enabling timely genetic counseling and targeted therapies. In t
Diagnostic Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis With Dr. Jiwon Oh
Novel MRI biomarkers, including cortical lesions, the central vein sign, and paramagnetic rim lesions, are highly specific for MS and can aid diagnosis in select clinical scenarios, particularly early in the disease course or in atypical presentations. When used with appropriate MRI sequences, these markers can improve diagnostic sensitivity while helping prevent misdiagnosis. In this episode, C
April 2026 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Issue With Dr. Andrew J. Solomon
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Andrew J. Solomon, MD, FAAN, who served as the guest editor of the April 2026 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on April 2, 2026. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Min
Neurologic Complications of Drug and Alcohol Use With Dr. Adeline L. Goss
Neurologic complications of substance use may be the first symptoms that lead patients with substance use disorders to seek care. Neurologists have a key role in identifying patients with substance use disorders and connecting them to treatment. In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Adeline L. Goss, MD, author of the article "Neurologic Complications of Drug and Alcohol Use"
Neurologic Complications of Pregnancy and Menopause With Dr. Sara C. LaHue
Neurologic care during pregnancy and menopause requires careful attention to the dynamic interplay between hormonal transitions, evolving evidence on diagnostic and treatment safety, and the lifelong risks associated with neurologic complications of pregnancy. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Sara C. LaHue, MD, author of the article "Neurologic Complications of Pregnancy and
Neurologic Complications of Cancer and Its Treatment With Dr. Amy A. Pruitt
Prompt recognition of direct and indirect neurologic complications of systemic cancers and their evolving treatments is essential. Neurologists should be familiar with common and rare neurologic toxicities of conventional chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR T-cell therapy. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN, speaks with Amy A. Pruitt, MD, FAAN, author of the article "Ne
Neurologic Complications of Critical Illness With Dr. Shivani Ghoshal
Nearly one in five patients in intensive care units (ICUs) requires neurologic consultation. The neurologic complications of critical illness can be unique to its underlying processes and can persist as independent disease states even after resolution of the inciting critical illness. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Shivani Ghoshal, MD, author of the article "Neurologic Complicatio
Neurologic Complications of Hematologic Disorders With Drs. Lauren Patrick and Mark Terrelonge
Neurologic complications of hematologic disorders are frequently encountered in clinical practice and can involve both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Early recognition and appropriate management in collaboration with a hematologist are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD, speaks with Lauren Patrick, MD, and Mark Terrelonge, MD, MPH, authors o
Neurologic Complications of Endocrine Disorders With Dr. Rafid Mustafa
Neurologic complications of endocrine disorders are diverse and may arise before systemic manifestations. Early recognition is essential because neurologic symptoms may represent the presentation of an undiagnosed underlying endocrine disorder, and because many neurologic complications of endocrine disorders are reversible with timely treatment. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN, speaks wi
Neurologic Manifestations of Renal and Electrolyte Disorders With Dr. Eelco Wijdicks
Many serious medical illnesses are associated with some degree of serum electrolyte abnormality, renal impairment, or both. The neurologist must determine if the patient's neurologic symptoms are related to the renal and electrolyte disturbances or whether a concurrent primary neurologic process is at play. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, MD, PhD, FAAN, FACP,
February 2026 Neurology of Systemic Disease Issue With Dr. Aaron Berkowitz
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Aaron L. Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN, who served as the guest editor of the February 2026 Neurology of Systemic Disease issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on February 2, 2026. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Mi
Managing Prognostic Uncertainty in Neurologic Disease With Dr. Robert G. Holloway
Clinicians and patients are in a state of prognostic uncertainty when they are unsure about the future course of an illness. By embracing uncertainty while cultivating prognostic awareness, neurologists can serve the critical role of supporting patients and families through the living and dying process. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Robert G. Holloway, MD, MPH, FAAN, author of t
Neuropalliative Medicine in Pediatric Neurology With Dr. Lauren Treat
Pediatric neuropalliative medicine is an emerging area of subspecialty practice that emphasizes the human experience elements of serious neurologic illness. Child neurologists care daily for patients who can benefit from the communication strategies and management practices central to pediatric neuropalliative medicine, whether at the primary or subspecialty level. In this episode, Gordon Smith,
Neuropalliative Care in Movement Disorders With Dr. Benzi M. Kluger
Patients with Parkinson disease and other movement disorders have significant palliative care needs that are poorly met under traditional models of care. Clinical trials demonstrate that specialist palliative care can improve many patient and family outcomes. In this episode, Aaron Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN, speaks with Benzi M. Kluger, MD, MS, FAAN, author of the article "Neuropalliative Care in
Neuropalliative Care in Dementia With Dr. Neal Weisbrod
Dementia is often a highly burdensome disease process for patients, their caregivers and families, and the community at large. Palliating symptoms and providing guidance surrounding advance care planning and prognostication are integral components of the management plan. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Neal Weisbrod, MD, an author of the article "Neuropalliative Care in Deme
Neuropalliative Care in Neuromuscular Disorders With Dr. David J. Oliver
Careful assessment and individualized care, provided by a skilled multidisciplinary care team, are emphasized in the holistic approach to neuropalliative care, which considers physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and existential aspects for people with neuromuscular diseases. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN, speaks with David J. Oliver, PhD, FRCP, FRCGP, FEAN, author of the articl
Neuropalliative Care in Severe Acute Brain Injury and Stroke With Dr. Claire Creutzfeldt
Severe acute brain injury presents acute and longitudinal challenges. Addressing total pain involves managing physical symptoms and providing emotional, social, and spiritual support to enhance quality of life for patients and their families. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD, speaks with Claire J. Creutzfeldt, MD, author of the article "Neuropalliative Care in Severe Acute Brain Injury and Stroke
End-of-Life Care and Hospice With Dr. Claudia Chou
In the hospital setting, neurologists may be responsible for managing common end-of-life symptoms. Comprehensive end-of-life care integrates knowledge of the biomedical aspects of disease with patients' values and preferences for care; psychosocial, cultural, and spiritual needs; and support for patients and their families. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN, speaks with Claudia Z. Cho
The Approach to Serious-Illness Conversations With Dr. Jessica Besbris
Neurologists are privileged to act as guides for patients as they navigate the complex course of serious neurologic illnesses. Because of the impact on quality of life, personhood, and prognosis, neurologists must be able to conduct serious-illness conversations to improve rapport, reduce patient anxiety and depression, and increase the likelihood that treatment choices agree with patient goals a
December 2025 Neuropalliative Care Issue With Dr. Maisha T. Robinson
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Maisha T. Robinson, MD, MSHPM, FAAN, FAAHPM, who served as the guest editor of the December 2025 Neuropalliative Care issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on December 2, 2025. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, M
Dystrophinopathies With Dr. Divya Jayaraman
Dystrophinopathies are heritable muscle disorders caused by pathogenic variants in the DMD gene, leading to progressive muscle breakdown, proximal weakness, cardiomyopathy, and respiratory failure. Diagnosis and management are evolving areas of neuromuscular neurology. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD, speaks with Divya Jayaraman, MD, PhD, an author of the article "Dystrophinopathies" in the Cont
Myotonic Dystrophy With Dr. Paloma Gonzalez Perez
Myotonic dystrophies (DM), in addition to muscle weakness and myotonia, are associated with broad and variable multiorgan involvement. Neurologists need to recognize DM to ensure prompt diagnosis, effective symptom management, and prevention of life-threatening events. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Paloma Gonzalez Perez, MD, PhD, author of the article "Myotonic Dystrophy" in the
Muscle Channelopathies and Rhabdomyolysis with Dr. Hani Kushlaf
Genetic variants that underlie skeletal muscle channelopathies and rhabdomyolysis can also cause persistent and progressive muscle weakness. The availability and expanded use of genetic testing allows for the identification of new genes causing periodic paralysis and rhabdomyolysis. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN speaks with Hani Kushlaf, MD, MS, FAAN, author of the article "Muscle
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies With Dr. Anthony Amato
Inflammatory myopathies are a large group of disorders associated with an inflammatory response targeting skeletal muscle. Treatment hinges on the use of evolving immunotherapies and diagnostic tools to quickly identify inflammatory myopathy, initiate appropriate therapy, and exclude underlying malignancy or infection of other organs. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN speaks with Anthony
Inclusion Body Myositis With Dr. Elie Naddaf
Inclusion body myositis (IBM), the most common myopathy in adults, is a disease of aging characterized by slowly progressive weakness. Diagnosis of IBM requires the integration of historical, clinical, and laboratory data, while management consists of a multidisciplinary approach to address comorbidities and potential complications. In this episode, Aaron Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN speaks with Eli
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies With Dr. Teerin Liewluck
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) encompass a group of genetically heterogeneous skeletal muscle disorders. There has been an explosion of newly identified LGMD subtypes in the past decade, and results from preclinical studies and early-stage clinical trials of genetic therapies are promising for future disease-specific treatments. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN, speaks with Teer
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy With Dr. Renatta Knox
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common forms of muscular dystrophy, affecting individuals across the lifespan with variable severity. Advances in genetic understanding and therapeutic development have led to an era of promising disease-modifying strategies. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD FAAN, speaks with Renatta N. Knox, MD, PhD, author of the article "Facios
A Pattern Recognition Approach to Myopathy With Dr. Margherita Milone
While genetic testing has replaced muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of many genetic myopathies, clinical assessment and the integration of clinical and laboratory findings remain key elements for the diagnosis and treatment of muscle diseases. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Margherita Milone, MD, PhD, FAAN, FANA, author of the article "A Pattern Recognition Approach to Myopathy" in
Multidisciplinary Treatment for Functional Movement Disorder With Dr. Jon Stone
Functional movement disorders are a common clinical concern for neurologists. The principle of "rule-in" diagnosis, which involves demonstrating the difference between voluntary and automatic movement, can be carried through to explanation, triage, and evidence-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation therapy. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN speaks Jon Stone, PhD, MB, ChB, FRCP, an author
Paroxysmal Movement Disorders With Dr. Abhimanyu Mahajan
Paroxysmal movement disorders refer to a group of highly heterogeneous disorders that present with attacks of involuntary movements without loss of consciousness. These disorders demonstrate considerable and ever-expanding genetic and clinical heterogeneity, so an accurate clinical diagnosis has key therapeutic implications. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD, speaks with Abhimanyu Mahajan, MD, MHS
Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders With Dr. Jessica Frey
Tics are movements or sounds that are quick, recurrent, and nonrhythmic. They fluctuate over time and can be involuntary or semivoluntary. Although behavioral therapy remains the first-line treatment, modifications to comprehensive behavioral intervention have been developed to make treatment more accessible. In this episode, Casey Albin, MD, speaks with Jessica Frey, MD, author of the article "
Ataxia With Dr. Theresa Zesiewicz
Ataxia is a neurologic symptom that refers to incoordination of voluntary movement, typically causing gait dysfunction and imbalance. Genetic testing and counseling can be used to identify the type of ataxia and to assess the risk for unaffected family members. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Theresa A. Zesiewicz, MD, FAAN, author of the article "Ataxia" in the Continuum® Au
Huntington Disease and Chorea with Dr. Kathryn Moore
Chorea describes involuntary movements that are random, abrupt, and unpredictable, flowing from one body part to another. The most common cause of genetic chorea in adults is Huntington disease, which requires comprehensive, multidisciplinary care as well as support for care partners, who may themselves be diagnosed with the disease. In this episode, Aaron Berkowitz, MD, PhD FAAN speaks with Kat
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome With Dr. Nikolaus McFarland
Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome are closely related neurodegenerative disorders that present with progressive parkinsonism and multiple other features that overlap clinically and neuropathologically. Early recognition is critical to provide appropriate treatment and supportive care. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN speaks with Nikolaus R. McFarland, MD, PhD,
Multiple System Atrophy With Dr. Tao Xie
Multiple system atrophy is a rare, sporadic, adult-onset, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Accurate and early diagnosis remains challenging because it presents with a variable combination of symptoms across the autonomic, extrapyramidal, cerebellar, and pyramidal systems. Advances in brain imaging, molecular biomarker research, and efforts to develop disease-modifying agents have
Essential Tremor With Dr. Ludy Shih
Essential tremor is the most common movement disorder, although it is often misdiagnosed. A careful history and clinical examination for other neurologic findings, such as bradykinesia, dystonia, or evidence of peripheral neuropathy, can reveal potential alternative etiologies. Knowledge about epidemiology and associated health outcomes is important for counseling and monitoring for physical impa
Parkinson Disease With Dr. Ashley Rawls
Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is increasing in prevalence as the population ages. The symptoms and rate of progression are clinically heterogenous, and medical management is focused on the individual needs of the patient. In this episode, Kait Nevel MD, speaks with Ashley Rawls, MD, MS, author of the article "Parkinson Disease" in the Continuum® August 2025 Mov
August 2025 Movement Disorders Issue With Dr. Michael Okun
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Michael S. Okun, MD, FAAN, who served as the guest editor of the August 2025 Movement Disorders issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on August 1, 2025. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Okun is t
BONUS EPISODE: Bridging the Gap Between Brain Health Guidelines and Real-world Implementation With Drs. Daniel Correa and Rana Said
With the increase in the public's attention to all aspects of brain health, neurologists need to understand their role in raising awareness, advocating for preventive strategies, and promoting brain health for all. To achieve brain health equity, neurologists must integrate culturally sensitive care approaches, develop adapted assessment tools, improve professional and public educational materia
Childhood-onset Hydrocephalus With Dr. Shenandoah Robinson
Childhood-onset hydrocephalus encompasses a wide range of disorders with varying clinical implications. There are numerous causes of symptomatic hydrocephalus in neonates, infants, and children, and each predicts the typical clinical course across the lifespan. Etiology and age of onset impact the lifelong management of individuals living with childhood-onset hydrocephalus. In this episode, Cas
Management of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus With Dr. Kaisorn Chaichana
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a pathologic condition whereby excess CSF is retained in and around the brain despite normal intracranial pressure. MRI-safe programmable shunt valves allow for fluid drainage adjustment based on patients' symptoms and radiographic images. Approximately 75% of patients with NPH improve after shunt surgery regardless of shunt type or location. In this episod
Radiographic Evaluation of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus With Dr. Aaron Switzer
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical syndrome of gait abnormality, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. Evaluation of CSF dynamics, patterns of fludeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake, and patterns of brain stiffness may aid in the evaluation of challenging cases that lack typical clinical and structural radiographic features. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Aa
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus with Dr. Abhay Moghekar
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the triad of gait apraxia, cognitive impairment, and bladder dysfunction in the radiographic context of ventriculomegaly and normal intracranial pressure. Accurate diagnosis requires consideration of clinical and imaging signs, complemented by tests to exclude common mimics. In this episode, Lyell Jones, MD, FAAN speaks
Treatment and Monitoring of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With Drs. John Chen and Susan Mollan
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a condition of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), causes debilitating headaches and, in some, visual loss. The visual defects are often in the periphery and not appreciated by the patient until advanced; therefore, monitoring visual function with serial examinations and visual fields is essential. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD speaks with John J.
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With Dr. Aileen Antonio
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by symptoms and signs of unexplained elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in an alert and awake patient. The condition has potentially devastating effects on vision, headache burden, increased cardiovascular disease risk, sleep disturbance, and depression. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN speaks with Aileen A. Antonio, MD,
Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension With Dr. Ajay Madhavan
Recently, sophisticated myelographic techniques to precisely subtype and localize CSF leaks have been developed and refined. These techniques improve the detection of various types of CSF leaks thereby enabling targeted therapies. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Ajay A. Madhavan, MD, author of the article "Radiographic Evaluation of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension" in t
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension With Dr. Jill Rau
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension reflects a disruption of the normal continuous production, circulation, and reabsorption of CSF. Diagnosis requires the recognition of common and uncommon presentations, careful selection and scrutiny of brain and spine imaging, and, frequently, referral to specialist centers. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN speaks with Jill C. Rau, MD, PhD, author o
June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics Issue With Dr. Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Jeremy K. Cutsforth-Gregory, MD, FAAN, who served as the guest editor of the June 2025 Disorders of CSF Dynamics issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on June 2, 2025. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
BONUS EPISODE: Clinical Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Neurology Practice With Dr. Peter Hadar
As artificial intelligence (AI) tools become increasingly mainstream, they can potentially transform neurology clinical practice by improving patient care and reducing clinician workload. Critically evaluating these AI tools for clinical practice is important for successful implementation. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN speaks with Peter Hadar, MD, MS, coauthor of the article "Clinical
Symptomatic Treatment of Neuro-ophthalmic Visual Disturbances With Dr. Sachin Kedar
Neuro-ophthalmic deficits significantly impair quality of life by limiting participation in employment, educational, and recreational activities. Low-vision occupational therapy can improve cognition and mental health by helping patients adjust to visual disturbances. In this episode, Katie Grouse, MD, FAAN, speaks with Sachin Kedar, MD, FAAN, author of the article "Symptomatic Treatment of Neur
Supranuclear Disorders of Eye Movements With Dr. Gregory Van Stavern
Dysfunction of the supranuclear ocular motor pathways typically causes highly localizable deficits. With sophisticated neuroimaging, it is critical to better understand structure-function relationships and precisely localize pathology within the brain. In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Gregory P. Van Stavern, MD, author of the article "Supranuclear Disorders of Eye Moveme
Approach to Diplopia With Dr. Devin Mackay
Double vision is a symptom often experienced by patients with neurologic disease. An organized systematic approach to evaluating patients with diplopia needs a foundational understanding of the neuroanatomy and examination of eye movements and ocular alignment. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN, speaks with Devin Mackay, MD, FAAN, author of the article "Approach to Diplopia" in the Co
Papilledema With Dr. Susan Mollan
Papilledema describes optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) arising from raised intracranial pressure. Due to its serious nature, there is a fear of underdiagnosis; hence, one major stumbling points is correct identification, which typically requires a thorough ocular examination including visual field testing. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD speaks with Susan P. Mollan, MBChB, PhD, FRCOphth,
Optic Neuritis With Dr. Eric Eggenberger
The inflammatory and infectious optic neuropathies are a broad, heterogeneous, and common group of diseases producing visual loss. Although many now-distinct syndromes have been previously combined as "typical or atypical optic neuritis," recent developments highlight the importance of precision terminology as well as an individualized evaluation and treatment approach. In this episode, Gordon S
Optic Neuropathies With Dr. Lindsey De Lott
Optic neuropathies encompass all congenital or acquired conditions affecting the optic nerve and are often a harbinger of systemic and central nervous system disorders. A systematic approach to identifying the clinical manifestations of specific optic neuropathies is imperative for directing diagnostic assessments, formulating tailored treatment regimens, and identifying broader central nervous s
Approach to Vision Loss With Dr. Nancy Newman
Diagnosing and differentiating among the many possible localizations and causes of vision loss is an essential skill for neurologists. The approach to vision loss should include a history and examination geared toward localization, followed by a differential diagnosis based on the likely location of the pathophysiologic process. In this episode, Aaron Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN speaks with Nancy
April 2025 Neuro-ophthalmology Issue With Dr. Valérie Biousse
In this episode, Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, speaks with Valérie Biousse, MD, who served as the guest editor of the Continuum® April 2025 Epilepsy issue. They provide a preview of the issue, which publishes on April 3, 2025. Dr. Jones is the editor-in-chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® and is a professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Dr. Biousse is
Diversity and Underserved Patient Populations in Epilepsy With Dr. Dave Clarke
Despite advances in epilepsy management, disparities and lack of inclusion of many people with epilepsy are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Improving awareness and promoting diversity in research participation can advance treatment for underserved populations and improve trust. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD, PhD, FAAN speaks Dave F. Clarke, MBBS, FAES, author of the art
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Nonepileptic Events With Dr. Adriana Bermeo-Ovalle
Nonepileptic events are prevalent and highly disabling, and multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms for these events have been proposed. Multidisciplinary care teams enable the efficient use of individual expertise at different treatment stages to address presentation, risk factors, and comorbidities. In this episode, Kait Nevel, MD, speaks with Adriana C. Bermeo-Ovalle, MD, an author of the art
Surgical Treatments, Devices, and Nonmedical Management of Epilepsy With Dr. Daniel Friedman
Many patients with epilepsy are unable to acheive optimal seizure control with medical therapy. Palliative surgical procedures, neurostimulation devices, and other nonpharmalogical treatments can lead to a meaningful reduction in seizures and improved outcomes. In this episode, Teshamae Monteith, MD FAAN, speaks with Daniel Friedman, MD, MSc, author of the article "Surgical Treatments, Devices, an
First Seizures, Acute Repetitive Seizures, and Status Epilepticus With Dr. David Vossler
Emergency treatment may be necessary after a person's first seizure or at the onset of abnormal acute repetitive (cluster) seizures; it is required for status epilepticus. Treatment for these emergencies is dictated by myriad clinical factors and informed by published guidance as well as emerging research. In this episode, Lyell K. Jones, MD, FAAN, speaks with David G. Vossler, MD, FAAN, FACN
Epilepsy Genetics With Dr. Sudha Kessler
Genetic testing plays a key role in the evaluation of epilepsy patients. With the expanding number of choices for genetic tests and the complexity of interpretation of results, genetic literacy and knowledge of the most common genetic epilepsies are important for high-quality clinical practice. In this episode, Gordon Smith, MD, FAAN speaks Sudha Kilaru Kessler, MD, MSCE, author of the article "Ep
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