The Biblical Unitarian Podcast
A weekly podcast examining what the Bible says about the oneness and unity of God and about the humanity of Jesus Christ.
Episodes
454: Was Origen a Trinitarian?
Origen of Alexandria was a famous Middle Platonist who introduced the idea of the Son's eternal generation, but did he believe in the doctrine of the Trinity? This week's episode examines what Origen believed and taught about the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In short, no, Origen was not a trinitarian, and he was highly criticized by later trinitarians for his beliefs. He was a Platonically influe
453: Unpacking John 17:5
What does Jesus mean when he speaks of the preexistent glory that he possessed with the only true God before the world existed? How does wisdom christology shed much-needed light on this disputed passage? This week's episode explores John 17:5 and reveals that it has nothing to do with conscious preexistence at all.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/lJ7qd4eC0W4
452: Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit
What is the blasphemy of the Holy Spirit, and why did Jesus say that it was unforgivable? This week’s episode examines the context of the controversy, particularly the accusations hurled at Jesus, who admits to casting out demons by the power of the Spirit. The Father empowered Jesus with the Spirit at his baptism, so to speak against the Spirit is to speak against the Most High God himself.
To v
451: God Shares His Glory With Human Beings
Within the Bible, the God of Israel shares his unique privileges, prerogatives, titles, name, and even his glory with his human agents. Some readers of Isaiah, however, are convinced that Yahweh never shares his glory with anyone at all. In this week’s episode, we will explore how the God of Israel glorifies his human agents, including Jesus Christ.
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450: Was Theodotus of Byzantium a Trinitarian?
Theodotus of Byzantium was a second-century teacher who came to Rome around 190 AD. Bishop Victor I of Rome excommunicated him for teaching that Christ was a man. Drawing on comments from his opponents, this episode reconstructs what Theodotus believed about God and Jesus Christ. It turns out Theodotus was a biblical unitarian.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/
449: "Is the Doctrine of the Trinity Taught in the Bible?" - Debate with Dr. George Antonios vs. Dr. Dustin Smith
On August 29, 2026, Dr. George Antonios (affirmative) debated Dr. Dustin R. Smith (denying) on the topic "Is the Doctrine of the Trinity Taught in the Bible?" This was a respectful and cordial debate, resulting in the conclusion that, no, the doctrine is not explicitly taught by the biblical authors.
BIO
Dustin R. Smith, PhD, is a New Testament scholar at Spartanburg Methodist College. His researc
448: God Shares The Divine Name with His Agents
This week’s episode demonstrates how God shares his divine name (YHWH) with his authorized agents. These agents include heavenly angelic beings, the human Messiah, and even the physical city of Jerusalem. We also explore how other Jewish texts express their acceptance and agreement with the principle of agency. Jesus can be called Yahweh in his role as Yahweh's agent, without being identified as Y
447: How the Human Jesus Became Coequal with the Father
This episode explores the development of Christology, beginning with the subordinate human Messiah taught by the New Testament authors and culminating in the coequal second member of the Trinity, who has two natures (from the fifth century). The Chalcedonian creed of 451 AD is not the doctrine of God and Christ presented by the biblical authors.
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446: The Lamb as the Exalted Agent of God in the Book of Revelation
This presentation explores how the Book of Revelation portrays the Lamb as God's highly empowered and highly authorized agent. This high Lamb Christology nevertheless regards the one seated upon the throne as the God and Father of the Lamb.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/KOtVeqSDqHU
Link to information about my Fall 2026 Intro to New Testament Greek
445: God is Uncreated, But Jesus is Not
Does Jesus Christ possess the divine attribute of eternality? This week's episode contrasts Yahweh's eternality with Jesus Christ, who was created by God. The New Testament repeatedly affirms that Jesus came into existence in Mary's womb. God is uncreated, but the Son was brought into existence, proving he is not fully God.
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https://youtu.be/-1T_
444: God is Immortal, But Jesus Died
Does Jesus Christ innately possess the divine attribute of immortality? This week's episode contrasts Yahweh's innate immortality (the inability to die) with Jesus Christ, who gave himself up to die on the cross. Jesus did something God cannot do: stop living. God gave Jesus immortality at the resurrection, but the Son is not innately immortal, proving he is not fully God.
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443: God is Impassible, But Jesus is Not
Does Jesus Christ possess the divine attribute of impassibility? This week's episode contrasts Yahweh's impassibility (the inability to suffer) with Jesus Christ, who suffered, bled, and died on the cross. Christ plainly taught that he would suffer, and he showed his wounds after his resurrection. The Son is not impassible.
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https://youtu.be/mkcU
442: God is Immutable, But Jesus is Not
Does Jesus Christ possess the divine attributes of immutability and aseity? This week's episode contrasts Yahweh's immutability with Jesus Christ's repeated acts of changing. Christ plainly taught that he was not a se, meaning he was not an eternal Son. Despite God granting Jesus unending life at the resurrection, the Son is neither immutable nor possessed of aseity.
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441: God is Omniscient, But Jesus is Not
Does Jesus Christ possess the divine attribute of omniscience? This week's episode contrasts Yahweh's all-knowingness with Jesus Christ's repeated portrayal as lacking omniscience. Christ increased in wisdom, he was taught by God, he learned obedience, and he admitted his ignorance of the day and hour of the second coming. Despite God highly empowering the Son, the Son is not all-knowing.
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440: God is All-Powerful, But Jesus is Not
Does Jesus Christ possess the divine attribute of omnipotence? This episode examines how the biblical authors portray God as the all-powerful Almighty One, while never illustrating Jesus as his omnipotent equal. In fact, Christ often spoke about his inability to do things apart from God's leading and authority. Despite God highly empowering the Son, the Son remains subject to God.
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439: Jesus' Death According to the Flesh (1 Peter 3:18)
First Peter 3:18 states that Christ was "put to death in the flesh." Does this language hint at the possibility that Jesus only partially died (i.e., in his flesh) while another unnamed part (or nature) continued living? This episode explores the meaning of Jesus' death in the flesh to determine whether Jesus is a God-man possessing two natures. Spoiler alert: he isn't.
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438: Christ, the Bread from Heaven, in Context
John chapter 6 presents Jesus as the bread from heaven, the Son of Man who offers life to those who partake of his bread and wine. The episode grounds the Bread of Life discourse in its Jewish context—personified Wisdom in Proverbs, the Son of Man indwelt by heavenly Wisdom in 1 Enoch, and Philo’s view of manna as Wisdom—showing that the Son of Man preexists as personified Wisdom/Word rather than
437: Most Biblical Scholars Reject Jesus as God
In this episode, we examine a striking shift in biblical scholarship: fewer and fewer experts now affirm that Jesus is the only true God. I compare two major surveys published in 2025 that reveal the same trend among everyday American Bible readers — a clear majority no longer believe Jesus is God. At the same time, interest in Unitarianism is surging.
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436: Isaiah 9:6 In Context
While many interpreters see Isaiah 9:6 as a prediction of the birth of Jesus Christ, in its original context, the passage actually described King Hezekiah. This episode offers five arguments for reading this oracle concerning the Prince of Peace in terms of Hezekiah and his just reign in the 8th century BC.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/OBcDrersqLA
435: Colossians 1:19 In Context
This episode explores the language and meaning behind the fullness of God dwelling in Christ (Col 1:19). Beginning by setting the verse in its context of Wisdom Christology, we turn to examine the verse's often-overlooked origins in Psalm 68:16. Finally, we look at Sirach's portrayal of God sending his wisdom to dwell in the temple, specifically by becoming incarnate in Simon the high priest. The
434: The Word Became Flesh at Christ's Baptism (John 1:14)
In this episode, I explain why I changed my mind on the timing of John 1:14, where the word became flesh. Although it is popular to assume that this occurred at Jesus' birth, a compelling case can be made that it took place at Jesus' baptism by John. We discuss that evidence in this week's episode.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/OIcKBNVfDdg
433: Does Romans 10:13 Identify Jesus as Yahweh?
In Romans 10:13, Paul cites a passage about calling on the name of Yahweh, and he applies it to believers calling on the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Does Paul intend with this quotation to identify Christ as Yahweh? No. This episode explores the nature of the quotation, how Christ is "Lord," and God's identity in Romans.
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https://youtu.be/kwNT
432: 1 John is Unitarian
First John is one of the best examples of unitarian theology in the New Testament. This episode examines how the Elder who composed 1 John and his recipients agree that God is one person, the Father alone. Christ is portrayed as the son of the one true God, and the Spirit is illustrated as God's own personal presence. First John is inconsistent with the doctrine of the Trinity.
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431: God's Personifications Are Not Persons
The biblical authors frequently personify God's attributes. This episode discusses the concept of personification, focusing on a dozen examples of the Father's personified attributes. We also discuss the pitfalls of reading personification incorrectly as real persons alongside the Father.
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https://youtu.be/csQr-V00snA
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430: God and the Lamb in Revelation 22:3
To whom does Revelation 22:3 illustrate as receiving the highest form of worship, God or the Lamb? This episode explores this grammatically ambiguous passage by situating it within the broader theology of the Book of Revelation. We demonstrate that "latreuo" is intended for God alone.
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https://youtu.be/csQr-V00snA
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429: The Memra in the Targums
This episode explores how the concept of the Memra (Aramaic: "word") personified the actions of the transcendent God of Israel in the Jewish Targums. The Memra was not considered a seperate person alongside Yahweh in the minds of the targumists. We also consider the relevance of the Aramaic Memra to interpreting the prologue of the Gospel of John.
To view the video version of this episode, go her
428: Is the Acts of Paul and Thecla Trinitarian?
The Acts of Paul & Thecla, written between 160 and 190 AD, was one of the most popular apocryphal acts among Christian readers. This episode examines what the unknown author believed about the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. After removing the later scribal additions, the Acts of Paul & Thecla appears to be a unitarian Christian document.
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427: Who is the Most High God?
Within the Old and New Testaments, the figure known as the Most High God is portrayed to be only one person. This episode explores his identity, focusing particularly on Jesus' relationship to the Most High God, who appears to be the Father alone.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/93muK7J3CI4
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426: Imitating The King Who Served (Philippians 2:5-11)
This sermon discusses the christological portrayal of Christ Jesus taking the form of the Isaianic Suffering Servant, as it is depicted in Phil 2:5–11. Instead of suggesting that a divine figure descended from heaven to become man, Paul illustrates King Jesus refusing to exploit his messianic privileges, choosing instead to embody the role of the Servant depicted in Isaiah 52–53. Paul expects his
425: What "One" Means in John 10:30
What did Jesus mean when he said, "I and the Father are one"? This episode explores the often-overlooked nuances of the cardinal number one in Greek — an adjective that takes on very different meanings depending on its grammatical gender. Rather than saying that the Father and the Son are one in person or one in being/essence, the Gospel of John illustrates a shared mission and purpose--a purpose
424: Does 2 Peter 1:1 Call Jesus God?
2 Peter 1:1 is one of the ambiguous passages that, due to grammar, may collapse God and the Savior Jesus Christ into a single person. This episode discusses this verse, examines the Granville Sharp "Rule," and considers the wider context of 2 Peter, including the clear statements that consistently distinguish God from Jesus.
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https://youtu.be/bjJ
423: Was Irenaeus A Trinitarian?
Irenaeus of Lyons was a famous heresy hunter of the late second century AD. This episode examines the theology, christology, and pneumatology of Irenaeus to determine whether he was a Trinitarian. Spoiler alert: he wasn't.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/0rWyCT6pxdE
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422: The Verb "Pelah" Does Not Prove that Jesus is God
This episode discusses how the Son of Man receives worship/service ("pelah"), yet dismantles the assumption that this Aramaic verb applies only to God. We demonstrate that the verb "pelah" is flexible, accommodating objects of worship that include the Most High God as well as worthy human beings. We survey the use of this verb in Daniel, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, and in Targum Onkelos.
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421: Dustin Smith / James White Debate: "Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?"
On February 6, 2026, I debated James White in a public, moderated debate titled "Does the Bible Teach the Trinity?" James White demonstrably failed to prove the affirmative of the debate.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/hMuDp3XPmbU
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420: 6 Reasons Why I Won the Debate Against James White on the Trinity
On Friday, February 6, 2026, I defeated James White in a public, moderated debate concerning whether the Bible teaches the Trinity. In this week's episode, I am joined by Dr. Dale Tuggy to review the six reasons why I emerged as the winner of this debate on the Trinity.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/OPvIQSi8Oss
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419: The Development of the Noun "Ousia"
In traditional Trinitarian language, there are three persons in the one "being/essence" of God (as expressed in the Greek noun "ousia"). However, "ousia" does not mean "essence" or "being" in the New Testament, nor in the Septuagint. This week's episode examines how the meaning of "ousia" evolved over time to justify the post-biblical doctrine of a tri-personal God.
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418: The Development of the Noun "Hypostasis"
In traditional Trinitarian language, the one being of God consists of three persons, as expressed in the Greek noun "hypostasis." However, "hypostasis" does not mean "person" in the New Testament, nor in the Septuagint. This week's episode explores how the meaning of "hypostasis" changed over time in order to justify the post-biblical doctrine of a tri-personal God.
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417: Jesus is a Human Person Today
This week's episode explores the state of Jesus' post-resurrection body. Jesus and the NT authors taught that the resurrection body remains human, indicating that Jesus is an immortalized member of the human race today. We examine the evidence for Jesus' enduring humanity while also engaging with scriptural objections that are sometimes raised.
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416: Was Jesus in the Fiery Furnace?
Several conservative Christians have argued or suggested that Jesus was the fourth figure who rescued the three Jewish boys from the furnace of fire in Daniel chapter 3. This episode explores the passage, identifying the unnamed figure as a heavenly angel that is described as "a son of the gods" (but not the messianic Son of God).
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https://yout
415: How Scribes Corrupted 1 Timothy 3:16
1 Timothy 3:16 is a well-known example of a scribal change that transformed a reference to Jesus into a reference to God. We explore this text and discuss how later scribes changed the passage, resulting in a much higher Christology than the author originally intended.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/OaZmZR9Pm_8
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414: Unpacking Acts 2:22-23
Acts 2:22-23 offers an undiluted christology that best represents the beliefs of the New Testament authors. Peter proclaims that Christ was a real human being, whom God empowered to perform miraculous works. The passage also illustrates Jesus as preexisting in God's foreknowledge and predetermined plan, rather than consciously existing in heaven before his birth.
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413: Unpacking John 20:17
John 20:17 is a straightforward passage in which the resurrected Jesus explicitly identifies that he has a God. Jesus was a unitarian, so he believed and taught his followers that his God was only one person, the Father alone. This episode examines John 20:17, demonstrating that it is incompatible with the doctrine of the Trinity.
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https://youtu
412: Is the Oxyrhynchus Hymn Trinitarian?
A 3rd-century Christian hymn was discovered among the Oxyrhynchus papyri, and the hymn contains worship offered to the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This episode explores the Greek hymn, examines how it illustrates the one God, and demonstrates why it is not evidence for belief in the Trinity during the late 200s. Instead, the hymn appears to best fit a modalistic understanding of God.
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411: Unpacking Luke 1:31-35
Gabriel's announcement to Mary contains several simple christological truths. This week's episode unpacks the exchange between the angel and Jesus' mother, examining the promised titles of Jesus, his role as the climax of the Davidic Covenant, Jesus' relationship with the Most High, and how the Holy Spirit brings Jesus into existence in Mary's womb. The Gospel of Luke produces a christology of a f
410: Was Athenagoras of Athens a Trinitarian?
Athenagoras of Athens was a second-century Christian convert who wrote a famous apology in which he defends his understanding of God against claims of atheism. This week's episode explores what he believed about God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. The resulting conclusion is that Athenagoras was a Logos theologian with a unitarian understanding of God.
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409: Unpacking Matthew 1:16-20
This episode unpacks Jesus' place in Matthew's genealogy and birth narrative and, in the process, draws attention to how Jesus was brought into existence in Mary's womb. The begetting of Jesus, in other words, rules out any manner of conscious preexistence.
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https://youtu.be/7LsU_rZJZz8
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408: Is 3rd Corinthians Trinitarian?
3rd Corinthians is a second-century Christian document that was written in Paul's name. The work offers a glimpse into the unknown author's thoughts on the creator God, Jesus' birth, and the Holy Spirit, while also detailing the doctrines the author deemed heretical. The resulting portrayal is an overlooked example of biblical unitarianism in the second century.
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407: Changes to Christology in the New Greek New Testament
This episode examines and discusses all of the christologically relevant textual changes in the new edition of the Greek New Testament (UBS6).
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/GjfFB7IIp9A
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406: Theology, Christology, & Pneumatology in My New Book
This episode previews all of the chapters concerning Theology, Christology, and Pneumatology in my latest book, A Systematic Theology of the Early Church. The book is now available on Amazon.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/ZCXgPDmAeO0
Purchase A Systematic Theology of the Early Church:
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405: Chapter Preview: "The Only True God"
This episode will serve as an audiobook of sorts as I read Chapter 2 from my new book, A Systematic Theology of the Early Church. This chapter is titled, "The Only True God." The book is available on Amazon in paperback, hardcover, and Kindle formats.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/RqmWpeQudYo
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404: Unpacking Mark 12:28-34
In Mark 12:28-34, Jesus describes what he regards as the greatest commandment, and in doing so, he reinforces the famous Jewish monotheistic creed. This episode explores the interaction between Jesus and a friendly scribe that results in a reaffirmation of the crucial truth that the true God, Yahweh, is only one person.
In this video, I incorrectly state that Targum Ps. Jonathan regards the LORD
403: Was Melito of Sardis a Trinitarian?
This episode examines the writings, theology, christology, and pneumatology of the late second-century bishop, Melito of Sardis. Melito is often cited as proof of a very high christology, but did he believe in the doctrine of the Trinity? No, Melito is not a Trinitarian; instead, he appears to subscribe to the Two-Stage Logos Theology.
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402: Unpacking Isaiah 44:24
This week's episode closely examines Isaiah 44:24, a passage renowned for defining the Creator as a single person who made all things without the aid of any conscious agent. After giving attention to the nine singular references in the Hebrew text of Isaiah 44:24, we discuss the qere/ketiv reading, the interpretation of the verse in Targum Isaiah, and the implications for whether Christ served as
401: The Latest Evidence Proves that the Trinity is in Decline in America
The results are in from the 2025 State of Theology survey, and things are not looking good for Trinitarians. This week's episode unpacks what the survey found about what Americans believe about the Trinity, the deity of the Son, and the personhood of the Holy Spirit. We also look at the fallout among evangelicals who are embarrassed by how few understand the specifics of the doctrine of the Trinit
400: Is The Shepherd of Hermas Trinitarian?
On our 400th episode, we continue our ongoing exploration of the earliest Trinitarian. This week, we study the massive work written by a Roman Christian named Hermas, titled "The Shepherd." After demonstrating that Hermas believed God to be one person (the Father alone), we attempt to make sense of the work's obscure Christology and Pneumatology. Spoiler alert: the Shepherd of Hermas does not teac
399: Unpacking Psalm 110:1
Psalm 110:1 was the go-to passage in early Christianity to describe God, Christ, the exaltation, and the promised return to defeat evil. This episode explores Psalm 110:1 in order to see what it has to say about the early Church's understanding of the one true God and his human son, Jesus the Messiah.
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https://youtu.be/jegZnLoW9QI
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398: Is the Epistle to Diognetus Trinitarian?
Within the collection of Apostolic Fathers is the lesser-known work entitled The Epistle to Diognetus. This episode explores what this second-century AD letter has to say about the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, particularly to see if the author was a trinitarian. We also explore the composite nature of this letter, noting that whoever wrote chapters 11-12 was probably a biblical unitarian.
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397: Unpacking 1 Timothy 2:5
1 Timothy 2:5 is one of those simple and straightforward passages addressing the one God and the identity of Jesus Christ. This episode unpacks this verse, sets it in its context, and argues that the passage is best compatible with a biblical unitarian christology.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/LoCiNHw2Ykg
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396: Was Polycarp a Trinitarian?
Polycarp was the bishop in the Church at Smyrna, a friend of Ignatius, and an early Christian martyr. But did Polycarp believe and teach the doctrine of the Trinity? This episode examines Polycarp's Letter to the Philippians to discern his theology of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Spoiler alert: Polycarp was a unitarian.
To view the video version of this episode, go here:
https://youtu.be/Qq
395: "I Am He": The Self-Designation of God, Christ, and Several Other Human Beings in Judaism and Early Christianity
It is often incorrectly assumed that the phrase "I am [he]" in Scripture is a claim to be Yahweh, the God of Israel. This presentation demonstrates that this phrase is a casual, self-declaration, and that it was uttered by God and by several human figures who were not claiming to be Yahweh himself. This topic was presented at the 2025 Unitarian Christian Alliance UK conference (July 2025).
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394: The Use of Isaiah 40:3 to Refer to Jesus in the Gospels
The writers of the New Testament gospels all cite Isaiah 40:3 ("Prepare the way of the LORD") to introduce the ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus. Some have argued that this quotation proves that the Gospels believe that Jesus is Yahweh. This week's episode will examine the merits and weaknesses of this interpretation, arguing that a more charitable reading is that the son of God functions a
393: Jesus Obeyed Yahweh
The authors of the New Testament not only distinguish Jesus and God, but they also portray the relationship between the two in terms of Jesus obeying God. This episode explores Christ's obedient relationship with Yahweh, the only true God, by looking at the teachings of Jesus, the theology of Paul, and the portrayal of the son of God in Hebrews.
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392: Jesus Placed His Faith in God (Part 3 of 3)
This episode explores the christology of Hebrews, 1 Peter, and Revelation, particularly as these books illustrate Christ having faith in God. The portrayal results in an early Christian understanding that Jesus relied on God, he trusted in God, and he was faithful to God.
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https://youtu.be/x9ZYpxUocFc
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391: Jesus Placed His Faith in God (Part 2 of 3)
The Apostle Paul taught his churches that Jesus, the human Messiah, demonstrated faithful obedience to God. This week's episode will explore the christological implications of the human Jesus' obedience and faithfulness in the books of Galatians, Romans, and Ephesians.
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https://youtu.be/uymWXt3k6uY
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390: Jesus Placed His Faith in God (Part 1 of 3)
All four Gospel writers portray Jesus demonstrating faith in God. This week's episode will explore the christological implications of the human Jesus' obedience, his prayer life, and his confidence that God would vindicate him from death.
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https://youtu.be/TEHXvk7Fjy0
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389: Creation and Redemption in Colossians 1:15-20
Is Colossians 1:15-20 about the original creation, the new creation, or both? In what way is Jesus involved in the creation of all things? This episode sets the christological hymn of Col 1:15-20 firmly in the context of Pauline theology, the argument of the Letter to the Colossians, and Jewish wisdom speculation before offering answers to these crucial questions.
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388: How Scribes Corrupted Ignatius' Letter to the Romans
Later scribes altered and expanded Bishop Ignatius' letter to the Romans to elevate its christology. This week's episode will examine four of the most controversial additions to Ignatius' authentic letter to see how later editors corrupted his views of the person of Jesus Christ.
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https://youtu.be/GDN19SYTewU
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387: How Scribes Corrupted Ignatius’ Letter to the Ephesians
Did you know that scribes altered and expanded Bishop Ignatius' letter to the Ephesians to over twice its original size? This week's episode will examine four of the most controversial additions to Ignatius' authentic letter to see how later editors corrupted his views of the local bishop and Christology.
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386: How Scribes Corrupted Ignatius’ Letter to Polycarp
In what ways did later scribes modify and alter the authentic letter from Bishop Ignatius to Polycarp? This week's episode explores some of the additions, focusing on the development of the hierarchy of bishops, the elevated role of the bishop, and the description of Jesus as "our God Jesus Christ." We also examine what it might mean to refer to Christ as "God" in light of the principle of agency
385: Was Ignatius a Trinitarian?
Ignatius was the Bishop of Antioch in the first decade of the second century, making him one of the earliest Church Fathers. What did he believe about God, Christ, and the Holy Spirit? These crucial questions are tackled after addressing the controversy surrounding which of his letters were authentically written by him. By drawing on the latest scholarship of Ignatian textual criticism, we can rec
384: Does Calling Jesus ‘Lord, Lord’ Imply Divinity?
Recently, it has been argued that the double use of the title Lord in reference to Jesus ("Lord, Lord") is a claim to be the person of Adonai Yahweh. This week's episode examines such a claim, first by examining the Hebrew texts in question, then by exploring how the Gospel writers use the title "Lord" in different ways, and finally by interpreting the passages in question. In sum, Jesus is not cl
383: Is Jesus a Human Person?
Is Christ a genuine member of the human race? Some Catholic and Protestant apologists say, no, Jesus is not a real human person. The biblical authors, however, are adamant that Jesus is, in fact, a real human person. This week's episode explores the reasons behind the significant divide between New Testament theology and the Christology of apologists.
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382: The Human Jesus Preached in the Book of Acts
It is often erroneously claimed that the early Church preached the doctrine of the Trinity from its inception. The Book of Acts is evidence to the contrary. This week's episode examines the sermons in the Book of Acts to see how Luke portrayed christology and Jesus' relationship to God. Spoiler alert: There is no Trinity in the Book of Acts.
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381: God Gave Authority to the Human Jesus
How was Jesus able to perform so many miracles, teach boldly, and even forgive sins (an act typically reserved for God alone)? Answer: he possessed authority from God, which enabled and empowered him to do all these wondrous feats. This week's episode examines how the Gospel of Matthew illustrates Christ as a human being with whom God has shared his authority.
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380: How the Holy Spirit Disproves the Trinity
The early Christians did not relate to the Holy Spirit in trinitarian terms, and this observation can be confirmed along several lines of evidence. This week's episode examines how acts are offered to God (e.g., worship, prayer, sacrifice, praise, singing, talking) and draws attention to how no one in Scripture performs these same acts to the Holy Spirit. The resulting conclusion is that the bibli
379: The Personification of the Holy Spirit
This episode examines how the biblical authors in the Old and New Testaments personify the Holy Spirit. The personification of God's Spirit is often overlooked in favor of suggestions that the Spirit is a conscious, distinct person alongside the Father, but this is not the view of the biblical authors. We explore how God personifies His attributes, how He sends them as agents, and how the Holy Spi
378: The Holy Spirit is God’s Presence
In Scripture, the biblical authors often portray the Holy Spirit as the personal presence of Yahweh himself. This week's episode explores the crucial role of the Spirit of the Lord, highlighting how the Spirit serves as the extended presence of God as he abides among his people. We also discuss how this portrayal of the Spirit is at odds with Trinitarian theology.
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377: The Holy Spirit is God’s Power
If the Holy Spirit is not the third person of the Trinity, what is it? This week's episode examines how the biblical authors repeatedly describe the Spirit of Yahweh as his power. God's powerful Holy Spirit is shown to be active in creation, empowering key human beings, and even equipping the human Jesus for his ministry as the Jewish Messiah.
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376: Trinitarianism is Dying
The latest data gathered by George Barna in 2025 indicates that belief in the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity is at an all-time low. This episode examines the data and the decline in Trinitarianism over the last decade. We discuss why fewer people believe in the Trinity and how unitarians can use this opportunity to share their truths.
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375: The Problems with the Phrase ‘Jesus is God’
Agreeing with the slogan "Jesus is God" has recently become the litmus test for authentic Christians. The problem is that this phrase is nowhere to be found in Scripture, and Jesus never claimed to be God. This episode exposes the problems with the phrase "Jesus is God" by examining thirteen common proof texts to assess the strength of their contribution to Christology. Instead of the phrase "Jesu
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