The Rx Bricks Podcast
The Rx Bricks Podcast from USMLE-Rx helps medical students master key topics through audio versions of their interactive learning modules. Each episode covers a high-yield basic science or clinical concept, such as pressure-volume loops or ischemic heart disease. New episodes are released weekly, and more information is available at www.usmle-rx.com.
Episodes
Essentials – Megaloblastic Anemia
Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day.
The root -blast comes from the Greek blastos, meaning “germ” or “bud,” and is familiar from terms like blast cells—very young hematopoietic precursor cells. Megalo- comes from the Greek megas, meaning “large” or “great,” as in splenomegaly. So is a megaloblast simply a large, immature cell?
Not quite.
In this episode, we break down megalobl
Essentials – Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of rare inherited syndromes that increase the risk of developing tumors in multiple endocrine organs. MEN affects men and women at roughly equal rates and occurs across geographic, racial, and ethnic groups.
These syndromes are caused by genetic mutations inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning an affected parent has a 50% chance of
Essentials – Stimulants and Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs
In this episode, we explore stimulants and cognitive-enhancing drugs, medications used to improve alertness, attention, memory, and cognition. You’ll learn how commonly used agents such as amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, caffeine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine work, along with the conditions they’re used to treat. We’ll also review important adverse effects, contrai
Essentials – Physiology of the Renal Tubular System
Why does a patient on furosemide end up needing a potassium supplement? In this episode we walk the length of the nephron— proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct—and trace exactly how each segment reabsorbs and secretes to keep sodium, water, potassium, and acid-base in balance. Along the way we hit the transporters and drug targets that show up again and aga
Essentials – Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Gallstones are hardened deposits that form when substances such as cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin become overly concentrated in bile. They vary greatly in size and often cause no symptoms, but stones that leave the gallbladder can obstruct the biliary tract and cause inflammation or infection.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
Compare cholelithiasis, choledocholith
Essentials – Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances
Digestion is regulated by a complex network of hormones, peptides, and neural signals. In this episode, we review the major gastrointestinal hormones, introduce several secondary regulatory peptides, and explain how the GI tract senses its luminal contents and integrates multiple signals to control digestive function.
After listening to this episode, you should be able to:
Identify the source, re
Rx Question Lab: Neurology
Question Lab: Neuro for Step 1
Think you can spot a subarachnoid hemorrhage from the clues alone? What about localizing a stroke to the exact arterial distribution? In this episode of Question Lab, Dr. Abraham Titus walks through 4 board-style neurology questions, breaking down the clinical clues, teaching the underlying pathophysiology, and walking through the answers step by step.
Pause the epis
Shock
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Shock brick.
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Rx Question Lab: USMLE Step 2 CK Cardiology
Tackle High-Yield Concepts for USMLE Step 2 CK Cardiology
This interactive session, led by Dr. Abraham Titus (Hematology/Oncology Fellow, University of South Alabama) and ScholarRx’s Jeff Downing, focuses on challenging USMLE Step 2 CK cardiology questions that will sharpen your clinical decision-making skills and deepen your understanding of cardiovascular medicine.
WHAT YOU’LL LEARN:
Physiology of the Renal Tubular System
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Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia brick.
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Blood Pressure Control: Foundations and Frameworks (Re-release)
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks brick.
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Diuretics: Foundations and Frameworks (Re-release)
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Physiology of Diuretics brick.
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Rx Question Lab – Neurology
Join us for this special edition of the Rx Bricks Podcast, featuring a complete Rx Question Lab session designed to help medical students master high-yield neurological concepts for USMLE Step 1.
In this interactive session, we work through four challenging board-style questions that cover essential neurology topics, including speech disorders, genetic syndromes affecting the nervous system, strok
Hypertensive Emergency
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Glycogen Storage Diseases
Glucose is the main source of energy for all forms of life, but it isn’t usually stored as individual C6H12O6 molecules. Animals use glycogen to do that job. Glycogen is a large branched polymer of glucose molecules, linked together by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. The liver and muscles break down the stored glycogen whenever the body needs an extra boost of glucose.
Glycogen storage disease
Acid-Base Disorders: Putting It All Together (Re-Release)
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Adrenal Insufficiency
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Development of the Nervous System
Early in fetal development, the precursors of the major systems in the body are outlined. The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) are formed during the third week of development. We’ll focus on the ectoderm, from which the entire nervous system (central and peripheral) forms.
But first, let’s back up to review the anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous sy
Cell Membrane Potential and Ion Balance
Differences in ion concentrations inside and outside a cell cause a difference in the charge of the intracellular and extracellular environments. This electrical polarization of a cell relative to its environment is referred to as cellular membrane potential. This potential serves as an energy source for a variety of cellular functions and as a way for excitable cells like muscle cells and neurons
Bullous Skin Disorders
What are bullous skin disorders? Bullae are fluid-filled blisters >1 cm in diameter. They can be caused by infection, mechanical stress, or a malfunctioning immune system. In this discussion, we tackle the latter, focusing on the most common autoimmune bullous (blistering) disorders: pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis. Distinctly, the blisters in each of these
Diabetic Nephropathy
A macrovascular complication of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is progressive, chronic kidney disease seen in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually after at least 10 years of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The three main lesions that are seen in the kidney in patients with diabetes are glomerular lesions, vascular lesions, and pyelonephritis. This brick will f
Anatomy of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
It might not be the flashiest anatomical structure, but if you want to stand upright, and keep your retroperitoneal organs (like your kidneys) in place, the posterior abdominal wall is pretty important. Located at the back of the body, bounded by the lateral abdominal walls and the posterior parietal peritoneum, the posterior abdominal wall is a complex combination of muscles, bones, nerves, and v
Histology of Epithelial Tissue
Epithelium is one of the four basic tissue types (the other three are muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue). It is found throughout the body—covering it; lining organs, vessels, and cavities; and forming glands. It absorbs nutrients, transports electrolytes, secretes hormones, and regulates body temperature by producing sweat.
We begin with some general principles of how epithelial
Prokaryote Structure and the Gram Stain
What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organelles. In fact, many of the organelles found in euka
Introduction to Global Health
What Is Global Health?
In our increasingly interconnected world, health challenges transcend national boundaries and demand global solutions. Global health is an interdisciplinary field of study and practice that seeks to improve the health and well-being of populations worldwide, focusing on the health challenges that require global and national action in every country. It encompasses epidemiolog
Immunology: Foundations and Frameworks
How do we survive in a complex environment filled with harmful organisms that thrive on colonizing us? Our heroic defender is the immune system, a network of organs and cell lines that exist with the mission of protecting the body from harm. While we often recognize the pathogen-fighting capabilities of the system, we can sometimes forget that the immune system is also crucial in ensuring the body
Gluconeogenesis
In the fed state, glucose is used by almost all the cells in the body to generate energy. But even when we are not fueling it with food, our bodies still run well, such as during sleep. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. The major substrates (substances that enzymes act on) are the glucogenic amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and propionate. The l
Plasma Composition
When you hear the word blood, what do you picture in your mind? Most likely, your brain conjures up an image of thick, red liquid. But what would blood look like if you removed all the red cells? You’d be left with a murky yellowish liquid that would clear up once you removed the white cells and platelets. This lovely, clear, straw-yellow, liquid portion of blood is known as plasma. So let’
Hemophilia (Re-release)
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder resulting from defects in factors of the coagulation cascade. There are two primary types of hemophilia: A and B. Both types of hemophilia are rare, with only a combined frequency of about 1 in 5000 live births. Of the two types, hemophilia A is about four times more common. In the intrinsic arm of the coagulation cascade, factor VIII serves as a cofactor for fact
Pain Mechanisms
Pain is a sensation that warns of potential injury and alerts the person to avoid or treat it. For example, if you touch a hot object, you will feel pain and immediately remove your hand from that object, protecting your hand from further damage. As much as pain can burden and torment, ultimately it is an essential part of our bodies’ mechanisms of self-preservation.
Pain can be mild or severe,
Gastrointestinal Regulatory Substances
As we eat, our gastrointestinal (GI) system releases a host of both local and distant regulators to control the process of digestion. We will begin with the primary hormones, then cover some of the secondary hormones, and lastly discuss how our body senses its intraluminal contents and then subsequently integrates all of the various stimuli it receives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you shou
Migraine, Cluster, and Tension Headaches
Headaches are an unavoidable fact of life and often are nothing more than the result of sitting through one too many lectures. However, they can become debilitating and get in the way of daily life, especially when they become recurrent. Although some headaches have symptoms other than head pain, we typically think of headache pain relative to its location, how intense it is, and how long it lasts
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes
Congenital Disorders of the Reproductive Systems
In typical reproductive system development, recall that the intermediate mesoderm forms the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the indifferent gonads; primitive germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. These are the structures that become the internal organs of the reproductive systems.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
Describe the no
Substance Use Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins i
Stimulants and Cognitive-Enhancing Drugs
Stimulant medications are drugs that increase alertness and attention. They also elevate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Stimulants are used to treat many conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic lethargy, narcolepsy, and obesity. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines (such as dextroamphetamine), methylphenidate, and modafinil
Hematopoietic Malignancies: Putting It All Together
If you’ve studied the hematopoietic system malignancies—all the leukemias, lymphomas, and plasma cell disorders—you probably feel like you’ve been hit with the good old medical school fire hose. Now’s a good time to take a step back from all the details, make sure that you remember the underlying framework, and pull together some information that connects several different diseases.
In this bric
Substance Use Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks
Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and experimentation with alcohol and drugs usually begins i
Megaloblastic Anemia
Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day. The root -blast (from the Greek blastos, meaning germ or bud) may be somewhat familiar since we talk about blast cells (very young hematopoietic precursor cells) in hematology. And megalo- (from the Greek megas, meaning large or great) is also used fairly frequently, as in splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen). So does “megaloblast” just
Diabetes Melllitus: Foundations and Frameworks
Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consistently too high and the mechanisms that return it
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis
Gallstones are the hardened precipitates—“stones”—of the substrates found in bile. The liver makes bile to help digest fats, and the bile is stored in the gallbladder. When there is an excess of a particular substance in the bile (eg, cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin), gallstones form in the gallbladder.
Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand, as large as a golf ball, or any size in
Pulmonary Hypertension
Normal blood pressure keeps us alive. It’s the force that moves blood throughout our circulatory system, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach our organs and tissues and that waste products are eliminated. When we hear the word hypertension—high blood pressure—we know this describes the blood flow exerting too much force against blood vessel walls. Pulmonary hypertension describes high blood pr
Macroscopic Skin Lesions
Macroscopic Skin Lesions
A thorough skin examination should be performed annually to assess for new or changing macroscopic skin lesions. It is critically important to be able to identify and describe normal and abnormal skin and to note your findings carefully, because a change in an existing skin lesion is the most common sign of skin cancer, including deadly ones like melanoma. In this discussi
Acute Inflammation
Have you ever cut your finger, bumped your head, or fallen and scraped your knee? While you were cursing your clumsiness or bad luck, your body got straight to work healing the injury, relying on the wondrous process of acute inflammation. Shortly after your injury, you most likely experienced some or all of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation: pain (dolor), redness (rubor), heat (calor), and
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
Multiple endocrine neoplasias are familial syndromes of endocrine tumors occurring in endocrine organs throughout the body. Despite its acronym, the risk for acquiring MEN is about the same in men and women and also across geographic and racial and ethnic groups. These are rare syndromes, affecting about 1 in 30,000 people. Genetic mutations cause the MEN syndromes, which are then inherited in an
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This muscle is the middle layer of the heart, formally called the myocardium, hence the name myocarditis (the -itis suffix indicates inflammation). Inflammation of the myocardium can be caused by a variety of etiologies, from infection to drugs. If severe enough, inflammation can lead to necrosis and cardiomyocyte death. This is dangerous becaus
Principles of Learning
Learning is traditionally defined as acquiring knowledge through study, experience, or being taught. In psychology, it is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that results from experience. Learning is an ongoing process; we continue learning throughout our entire lives.
After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to:
Name and briefly describe the three major theorie
Salmonella and Shigella (Re-release)
Salmonella and Shigella species are almost made to be confused—two bacterial infections in the Enterobacteriaceae family that are spread by food and dirty conditions, cause gastroenteritis, and start with S! To make matters more confusing, they look similar on microscopy. While they are more common in developing communities, they are also seen in the United States. Here, we will give you the tools
Inflammatory Disorders of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea
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Hyperkalemia
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Renal Laboratory Tests and Imaging
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Arrhythmias: Foundations and Frameworks
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Renal Stones (Re-release)
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Chest X-Ray
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Hemostasis (Re-release)
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Hypercapnia
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Myocardial Infarction
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Treatment for Acute Coronary Syndrome
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Thrombotic Microangiopathies
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Bleeding Disorders: Foundations and Frameworks (Re-release)
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Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve
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Diuretics: Foundations and Frameworks (Re-release)
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Anemias: Foundations and Frameworks
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Hyperparathyroidism (Re-release)
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Mechanical Ventilation
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Blood Pressure Control: Foundations and Frameworks (Re-release)
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Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Disorders
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Patent Ductus Arteriosis (Re-release)
he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). This acyanotic congenital heart defect causes
Pneumothorax
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Adrenaline (Re-release)
Today’s Audio Brick is based on the upcoming Brick 2.0: Adrenaline (Epinephrine). If you’re looking for supplemental information from Bricks 1.0, read up on our Valvular Diseases/Autonomic Regulation of the Cardiovascular System Brick.
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Sleep Apnea
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Management of Shock (Re-release)
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Viral Pneumonia
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Tobacco Smoking
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Alcohol Use Disorder (Re-release)
In this episode, we dip into the Psychiatry collection of Rx Bricks to learn about Alcohol Use Disorder.
Learning Objectives
Describe the etiology and epidemiology for alcohol use disorder.
List the most commonly used alcohol agents in the United States and their associated potency, delivery method, and long-term effects.
Describe the DSM-5 diagnostic features and criteria for alcohol use disorde
Introduction to Planetary Health
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Asthma Management
Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Asthma Management brick.
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Diabetic Nephropathy (Re-release)
A macrovascular complication of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is progressive, chronic kidney disease seen in patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, usually after at least 10 years of hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels). The three main lesions that are seen in the kidney in patients with diabetes are glomerular lesions, vascular lesions, and pyelonephritis. This brick will f
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