
PBS Space Time
Space Time explores the outer reaches of space, the craziness of astrophysics, the possibilities of sci-fi, and anything else you can think of beyond Planet Earth with our astrophysicist host: Matthew O’Dowd. Matt O'Dowd spends his time studying the universe, especially really far-away things like quasars, super-massive black holes, and evolving galaxies. He uses telescopes in space to do it. Matt completed his Ph.D. at NASA's Space Telescope Science Institute, followed by work at the University of Melbourne and Columbia University. He's now a professor at the City University of New York's Lehman College and an Associate at the American Museum of Natural History's Hayden Planetarium.
Episodes

Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth?
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At just four light years away, Proxima Centauri is our closest solar neighbor. The recent discovery of the

Are Room Temperature Superconductors UNACHIEVABLE?
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Superconductive materials seem miraculous. Their resistanceless flow of electricity has been exploited in some powerful ways—from super-strong magnets used in MRIs, particle accelerators a

The REVOLUTIONARY PHYSICS of Black Hole Star Capture | Extreme Tidal Disruption Events
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If you track the motion of individual stars in the ultra-dense star cluster at the very center of the Milky Way you’ll see that they swing in sharp orbits around some vast but invisible ma

How to Communicate Across the Quantum Multiverse
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In the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, the universal wavefunction is the reality, encompassing all possible histories and futures and all exist. But we are only sensitive to a slice of the wavefunction corresponding to our “world”, and due to the superposition principle our world can happily do its thing unperturbed by

How Luminiferous Aether Led to Relativity
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Does Quantum Immortality Save Schrödinger's Cat?
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Is There A Basic Answer To The Fermi Paradox?
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Around 2 billion years ago, life had plateaued in complexity, ruined the atmosphere, and was on the verge of self-annihilation. But then something strange and potentially

How Can Humanity Evolve Into a Kardashev Type 1 Civilization?
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Imagine a world where humanity masters every planetary resource available to it—our first step on the famous Kardeshev scale of technological advancement. How distant is that step? Will we even become a true Type-1 civilization, and how can we g

How Magnetism Shapes The Universe
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How far can you follow a compass needle? As far as the north magnetic pole, where the needle starts spinning wildly? Compass needles align with magnetic field lines, and on the precise spot of magnetic north, those field lines are

Venus May Have Life!
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If you rank the most habitable places in our solar system Venus lands pretty low, with surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead and sulphuric acid rain. And yet it may have just jumped to the front of the

The NEW Crisis in Cosmology
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I have good news and bad news. Bad news first: two years ago we reported on the Crisis in Cosmology. Since then, it’s only gotten worse. And actually, the good news is also that the crisis in cosmology has actually gotten worse

What If We Inhabit a Superdeterministic Universe?
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Today we’re going to try to save reality - or at least realism. However this rescue effort has a price; one that you may not be willing to pay. Your very soul, or at least your free will,

Are Many Worlds & Pilot Wave THE SAME Interpretation?
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It’s hard to interpret the strange results of quantum mechanics, though many have tried. Interpretations range from the outlandish—like the multiple universes of Many Worlds, to the almos

Does Time Cause Gravity?
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We know that gravity must cause clocks to run slow on the basis of logical consistency. And we know that gravity DOES cause clocks to run slow based on many brilliant

The NEW Warp Drive Possibilities
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That Einstein guy was a real bummer for our hopes of a star-hopping, science-fiction-y future. His whole “nothing travels faster than light” rule seems to ensure that

How Does Gravity Affect Light?
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We know that gravity exerts its pull on light, and we have an explanation for why. Actually, we have multiple explanations that all predict the same thing. And at first glance, these explanations seem to describe completely di

Theory of Everything Controversies: Livestream
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The second in our two event series about Theories of Everything! Watch the first one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_izocEgArtQ
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Quantum Energy Teleportation Actually EXISTS!
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The vacuum of space is a chaotic sea of quantum fluctuations. Some have said that this vacuum energy can be harvested to build our future starship engines, or manipulated to build warp drives. It can't. But it is technically possible to move real energy through the quantum vacuum without it passing through interve

The FRESH SCIENCE of Moon Formation
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Einstein once asked whether “the moon exists only when I look at it?". It was rhetorical objection to the idea that mea

How the Higgs Mechanism Give Things Mass
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Fermilab physicists really care about the mass of the W boson. They spent nearly a decade recording collisions in

What If Gravity Isn't Quantum? New Experiments Examine
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If we discover how to connect quantum mechanics with general relativity we’ll pretty much win physics. There are multiple theories that claim to do this, but it’s notoriously difficult to test them.

Mapping the Multiverse
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How An Extreme New Star Could Change All Cosmology
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A new white dwarf has been discovered (poetically named: ZTF J1901+1458) that’s doing some stuff that no white dwarf should ever be able to do. In fact, it has multiple properties that are so extreme that it almost certainly did NOT form in the way that we thought all white dwarfs formed. This one pec

Theory of Everything Livestreams with Amazing Guests
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Jul

Why Is 1/137 One of the Biggest Unsolved Mysteries In Physics?
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How Are Quasiparticles Separate From Particles?
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The device you’re watching this video on is best understood by thinking about positive and negative ch

Year End Q&A
In this 2022 end of year, Ask Matt anything, Matt discussed the upcoming year ahead for Space Time, Black Holes, the problem with the question of free will, the nature of photons of light and more!
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How Many Black Holes Reside In The Solar System?
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Dark matter has eluded us for many decades. Even our most advanced particle colliders and sophisticated underground detectors have come up short. But it may be that we can finally solve this mystery with a much simpler experiment, involving a r

What Happened Before the Big Bang?
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We actually have a pretty good idea of what might have happened before the Big Bang. That is, as long as we define the Big Bang

Loop Quantum Gravity Explained
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It’s time we talked about loop quantum gravity. What exactly is it? What are the loops? And can it rea

The Most Significant Satellite You've (Probably) Never Heard Of
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One of the most important reasons we go to space is to know our own planet better. Today I'm going to tell you about an orbiting facility that literally watches Earth's biosphere breath and grow and die with incredible resolution. I'll talk about its profound existential and economic importance, and about why it's

How to Find ALIEN Dyson Spheres
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On our search for alien lifeforms we scan for primitive biosignatures, and wait and hope for their errant s

What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life?
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Our solar system is a tiny bubble of habitability suspended in a vast universe that mostly wants to kill us. In fact, a

Breaking The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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Quantum mechanics forbids us from measuring the universe beyond a certain level of precision. But that doesn’t stop us from trying. And in some cases succeeding, by squeezing the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to its breaking point.
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Is Time Travel Impossible?
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Invitation to Time Travelers: https://www.youtube.com/post/UgzeIA0O00-bVioxU4t4AaABCQ
Time travel sto

Computing a Universe Simulation
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Physics seems to be telling us that it’s possible to simulate the entire universe on a computer smaller than the universe.
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Space Time Challenge Winners
Jin Du
Loren Booker
Kevin Selva Prasanna
May

How Will the Universe End? | Space Time
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In 100 trillion years the era of stars will be over.
We live in an unusual age – the age when the stars still shine. We should count ourselves lucky – nearly al

How Stars Destroy Each Other
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Is The Universe Finite?
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The universe is big, really, really big. Although according to a new paper, it may literally be infinitely smaller than we previously thought.
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Can Viruses Travel Between Planets?
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Did AI Invalidate Our Proton Model WRONG?
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The humble proton may seem simple enough, and they’re certainly common. People are made of cells, cells are made of molecules, molecules are made of atoms, atoms are made of electrons, pro

Did Life on Earth Come from Space?
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How did life on Earth get started? Did life on Earth originate on another planet? Either Mars, or in a distant solar system? Could Earth life have spread to have seeded life elsewhere? Let’s see w

Do Black Holes Have to Remain Black?
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The primary characteristic that defines black holes is in the name. Black holes are black. The gravitational pull at the event horizon is so powerful that not even light can escape. In this case, black means absence o

New Results in Quantum Tunneling vs. The Speed of Light
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Paradoxically, the most promising prospects for moving matter around faster than light may be to put a metaphorical brick wall in its way. New efforts in quantum tunneling - both theory and experiment - show that superluminal motion may be possible, while still managing to avoid the paradox of superluminal signaling.Paradoxically, the m

Could the Higgs Boson Point Us Toward Dark Matter?
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The discovery of the Higgs boson ten years ago in the Large Hadron Collider was the culmination of decades of work and the

What If A Black Hole Dwelt Inside The Sun? | Hawking Stars
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A fun nightmare sci-fi scenario is the sun being consumed by

Electrons DO NOT Spin
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Quantum mechanics has a lot of weird stuff - but there’s thing that everyone agrees that no one understands. I’m talking about quantum spin. Let’s find out how chasing this elusive little behavior of the electron led us to some of the deepest insights into the nature of the quantum world.
Spin Rende

Is There Support For a Vast Multiverse?
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In 1987, Steven Weinberg wrote a cute little paper entitled “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant”. I say cute little paper because it feels minor in comparison to, say, electroweak unification theory that won him the Nobel Prize. Weinberg was foundational in establishing the standard model of particle physics, and represented an en

What's Your Brain's Purpose in Producing Space & Time?
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Physics is the business of figuring out the structure of the world. So are our brains. But sometimes physics comes to conclusions that are in direct conflict with concepts fundamental to o

Why The Multiverse Might Actually Be Real
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The multiverse pops out of quite a few theories in physics, and has been proposed as a solution to certain vexing problems. Bu

Do Neutron Stars Gleam Within Dark Matter?
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Neutron stars aren't dark matter--we figured that out a while ago. But new research is telling us that they may be dark matter factories. They may produce the exotic axion, one of the most popular da

2021 End of Year AMA!
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Will The Big Bang Happen ANEW (and Anew)?
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How did the universe begin? How can something come from nothing? One way to “solve” this most difficult of philosophical conundrums is to avoid it altogether. Maybe the universe didn’t begin. Maybe the Big Bang was just one in an endless cycle.
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What’s On The Other Side Of A Black Hole?
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Why Life on Mars Will RUIN Humanity
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Recent findings have brought us closer than we’ve ever been to confirming life beyond the Earth. As we wait for confirmation or otherwise, let’s think about what this will tell us about life everywhere, and also about our own imminent destruction.
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What Occurs Within a Proton?
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If we ever want to simulate a universe, we should probably learn to simulate even a single atomic nucleus. But it’s taken some of the most incredible ingenuity of the past half-century to

Could LIGO Find GIANT Alien Spacecraft?
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe, we discover things that no one expected. Our newfound ability to measure ripples in the fabric of spacetime—gravitational waves—is a very new

How To Identify Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos
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Neutrinos are one of the most bizarre of known particles. Black holes are probably the most

How To Become an Astrophysicist + Challenge Question!
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Do you want to major in Astrophysics? Are you thinking about becoming (or ever just wondered how one becomes) an Astrophysicists

How Many Forms Of Matter Exist?
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Let’s talk about states of matter. You know

How Will We (Most Probably) Discover Extraterrestrial Life?
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The first discovery of extraterrestrial life will almost certainly NOT be when it visits us, nor when we visit it. It won’t be when we see it’s stray TV signals. It’ll be in the excruciati

The REAL Possibility of Imaging Alien Planets!
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I’m going to tell you about the craziest proposal for an astrophysics missio

How Black Holes Spin Space Time
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No Dark Matter = Proof of Dark Matter?
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We’ve been failing to detect dark matter for decades. Finally, the latest failure to detect dark matter may have actually proved its existence. One of these is true: either most of the matter in the uni

Is Dark Matter Made of Particles?
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By the time you've read this, a billion billion dark matter particles may have streamed through your b

At What Point Does Spacetime Shift Into Quantum?
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To observe the quantum nature of gravity and of spacetime itself, we need a particle collider the size of the solar system. Or we could just physics smarter and build one on a lab bench. Here’s how.
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Can We Break the Universe?
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Today we’re going to delve into a couple of the most famous paradoxes of special relativity: the Twin Paradox, The Ladder Paradox (aka the Barn-Pole Paradox), and a p

The Crisis In Physics: Are We Failing To Detect 17 Layers of Reality?
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Big things are made of smaller things, and those smaller things are made of smaller things still. That’s reductionism in a nutshell, and digging our way to the smallest layer has been one of the primary goals of physics for ever. But what if, just before we reach the bottom, we find out that reductionism fails?
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Dark Forest: Should We NOT Communicate with Aliens?
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In 1974 we sent the Arecibo radio message towards Messier 13, a globular cluster near the edge of the Milky Way, made up of a few hundred thousand stars. The message was mostly symbolic; we weren’t really expecting a reply. Yet surely other civilisations out there are doing the same thing. So, why haven’t we heard anything? Wh

We Had It WRONG About the Quantum Eraser! ft. @LookingGlassUniverse
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Does quantum mechanics allow the future to retroactively influence the past, as in the infamous delayed choice quantum eraser experiment? How about we get an actual quantum physicist--who many of you already know--to show us how to do this experiment at home, and hopefully set

Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?
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How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy
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Entropy is surely one of the most perplexing concepts in physics. It’s variously described as a measure of a system’s disorder - or as the amount of useful work that you can get from it - or as the information hidden by the system. Despite the seeming ambiguity in its definition, many physicists hold

The Doomsday Argument
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What are the Strings in String Theory?
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Why strings? What are they made of? How did physicists even come up with this bizarre idea? And what’s all this nonsense of extra dimensions?
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The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It
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Ever wish you could travel backward in time and do things differently? Good news: the laws of physics seem to say traveling backward in time is the same as traveling

Are The Fundamental Constants Delicately Tuned? | The Naturalness Problem
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Did God have any choice in creating the world? So asked Albert Einstein. He was being poetic. What he really meant, was whether the universe could have been any other way. Could it have had different laws of physics, driven by different fundamental constants. Or is this one vast and complex universe the inevitable result of an inevitable and

Secrets of the Cosmic Microwave Background
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Hook up an old antenna to your TV and scan between channels. The

Will You Travel to Space?
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What If The Speed of Light Were NOT CONSTANT?
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One of the most fundamental physics facts is that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all observers. But can we really be sure that the speed of light wasn’t different in the p

How To Capture Black Holes
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Black holes are awesome - but h











