
PBS Space Time
Space Time explores the outer reaches of space, the craziness of astrophysics, the possibilities of sci-fi, and anything else you can think of beyond Planet Earth with our astrophysicist host: Matthew O’Dowd. Matt O'Dowd spends his time studying the universe, especially really far-away things like quasars, super-massive black holes, and evolving galaxies. He uses telescopes in space to do it. Matt completed his Ph.D. at NASA's Space Telescope Science Institute, followed by work at the University of Melbourne and Columbia University. He's now a professor at the City University of New York's Lehman College and an Associate at the American Museum of Natural History's Hayden Planetarium.
Episodes

Could LIGO Find GIANT Alien Spacecraft?
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe, we discover things that no one expected. Our newfound ability to measure ripples in the fabric of spacetime—gravitational waves—is a very new

What If Gravity is NOT An Elementary Force? | Entropic Gravity
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There are four fundamental forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity. Except maybe gravity is no more fundamental than the force of a stretched elastic ban

The NEW Crisis in Cosmology
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I have good news and bad news. Bad news first: two years ago we reported on the Crisis in Cosmology. Since then, it’s only gotten worse. And actually, the good news is also that the crisis in cosmology has actually gotten worse

The FRESH SCIENCE of Moon Formation
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Einstein once asked whether “the moon exists only when I look at it?". It was rhetorical objection to the idea that mea

What Occurs Within a Proton?
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If we ever want to simulate a universe, we should probably learn to simulate even a single atomic nucleus. But it’s taken some of the most incredible ingenuity of the past half-century to

How Will We (Most Probably) Discover Extraterrestrial Life?
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The first discovery of extraterrestrial life will almost certainly NOT be when it visits us, nor when we visit it. It won’t be when we see it’s stray TV signals. It’ll be in the excruciati

Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere
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Space is big, and it’s getting bigger. But where does all that new space actually come from? And is it popping into existence all around you right now? Is that why the remote control is al

What Happens After the Universe Ends?
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Are there Unrevealed Elements Beyond The Periodic Table?
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Adamantium, bolognium, dilithium. Element Zero, Kryptonite. Mythril, Netherite, Orichalcum, Unobtanium. We love the idea of fictional elements with miraculous properties that science has y

The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It
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Ever wish you could travel backward in time and do things differently? Good news: the laws of physics seem to say traveling backward in time is the same as traveling

The Crisis In Physics: Are We Failing To Detect 17 Layers of Reality?
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Big things are made of smaller things, and those smaller things are made of smaller things still. That’s reductionism in a nutshell, and digging our way to the smallest layer has been one of the primary goals of physics for ever. But what if, just before we reach the bottom, we find out that reductionism fails?
S

Does the Universe Create Itself?
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Imagine you’re leading a game of 20 questions and you forget the thing you chose half way through. You have to kee

What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong?
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What if there is no such thing as dark matter? What if our understanding of gravity is just wrong? New work is taking another shot at that Einstein guy. Let’s see if we’ve finally scored a hit with Modified Newtonian Dyna

Do the Past and Future Exist?
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Is all that exists just whatever exists right now? Is the past erased and the future a void yet to be filled? Well, the answer lies in between the past and the future - in the elusive, ever-moving eye-blink that we call the present.
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Is The Wave Function The Building Block of Reality?
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Objective Collapse The

Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics?
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It’s about time we discussed an obscure concept in physics that may be more fundamental than energy and entropy and perhaps time itself. That’s right - the time has come for Action.
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How Quantum Entanglement Creates Entropy
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Entropy is surely one of the most perplexing concepts in physics. It’s variously described as a measure of a system’s disorder - or as the amount of useful work that you can get from it - or as the information hidden by the system. Despite the seeming ambiguity in its definition, many physicists hold

Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect
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“A moving arrow is at rest.” This is obviously a no

Why Life on Mars Will RUIN Humanity
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Recent findings have brought us closer than we’ve ever been to confirming life beyond the Earth. As we wait for confirmation or otherwise, let’s think about what this will tell us about life everywhere, and also about our own imminent destruction.
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2021 End of Year AMA!
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Is There Support For a Vast Multiverse?
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In 1987, Steven Weinberg wrote a cute little paper entitled “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant”. I say cute little paper because it feels minor in comparison to, say, electroweak unification theory that won him the Nobel Prize. Weinberg was foundational in establishing the standard model of particle physics, and represented an en

How To Know If It's Aliens
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There’s one rule on Space Time: It’s never Aliens. But every rule has an exception and this rule is no exception because: It’s never aliens, until it is. So is it aliens yet? And on today’s Space Time we’re going to examine all the best case scenarios for life beyond Earth.
If you want more alien co

What If Gravity Isn't Quantum? New Experiments Examine
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If we discover how to connect quantum mechanics with general relativity we’ll pretty much win physics. There are multiple theories that claim to do this, but it’s notoriously difficult to test them.

Is Dark Matter Made of Particles?
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By the time you've read this, a billion billion dark matter particles may have streamed through your b

Dark Forest: Should We NOT Communicate with Aliens?
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In 1974 we sent the Arecibo radio message towards Messier 13, a globular cluster near the edge of the Milky Way, made up of a few hundred thousand stars. The message was mostly symbolic; we weren’t really expecting a reply. Yet surely other civilisations out there are doing the same thing. So, why haven’t we heard anything? Wh

How Many Forms Of Matter Exist?
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Let’s talk about states of matter. You know

Electrons DO NOT Spin
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Quantum mechanics has a lot of weird stuff - but there’s thing that everyone agrees that no one understands. I’m talking about quantum spin. Let’s find out how chasing this elusive little behavior of the electron led us to some of the deepest insights into the nature of the quantum world.
Spin Rende

Did AI Invalidate Our Proton Model WRONG?
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The humble proton may seem simple enough, and they’re certainly common. People are made of cells, cells are made of molecules, molecules are made of atoms, atoms are made of electrons, pro

Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future?
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The laws of physics don’t specify an arrow of time - they don’t distinguish the past from the future. The equations we use to describe how things evolve forward in ti

How Do We Know What Stars Are Made Of?
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Pin-pricks in the celestial sphere, through which shines the light of heaven? Or gods and heroes looking down from their constellations? Or li

Can We Generate New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table?
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Scientists have been slowly extending the periodic table one element at a time, pushing to higher and higher masses, and have discovered some incredibly useful materials along the way. B

Building Black Holes in a Lab
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Dissolving an Event Horizon
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Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?
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How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe
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The universe is going to end. But of all the possible ends of the universe vacuum decay would have to be the most thorough - because it could totally rewrite the laws of physics. Today I hope to help you understand exactly how terrified you should be.
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The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy
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When we scan the heavens with giant telescopes we see galactic cannibalism everywhere. We see moments that app

The Boundary Between Black Holes & Neutron Stars
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Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics?
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Einstein’s special theory of relativity combines space and time into one dynamic, unified entity - spacetime. But if time is connected to space, could the universe be anything but deterministic? And does that mean that the future is predestined?
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Can Interstellar Travel Be Possible?
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Space is pretty deadly. But is it so deadly that we’re effectively imprisoned in our solar system forever? Many have said so, but a few have actually figured it out.
Check out the Space T

Heisenberg Made a Discovery in 1925. We Still Can't Fully Account for It
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2025 is … was the international year of quantum science and technology. Yes because quantum tech is increasingly important, but especially because quantum mechanics was invented 100 years ago this year.

What If Gravity Remains Non-Quantum?
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The holy grail of theoretical physics is to come up with a quantum theory of gravity. But after a century of trying we r

Was Penrose Right? RECENT FINDINGS For Quantum Effects In The Brain
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Nobel laureate Roger Penrose is widely held to be one of the most brilliant living physicists for his wide-ranging work from black holes to cosmology. And then there’s his idea about how consciousness is caused by quantum processe

Can We Propel THE SUN?
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Interstellar travel is horrible-what with the cramped quarters of your spaceship and only the thin hull separating you from deathly cold and deadly cosmic rays. Much safer to stay on here

Have We SOLVED The Black Hole Information Paradox with Wormholes?
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Black holes are very real, but are also a theoretical nightmare. It turns out that in order to make sense of their paradoxical nature, every black hole has to be thought of as a multitude

Interstellar Expansion WITHOUT Exceeding the Speed of Light
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In the far future we may have advanced propulsion technologies like matter-antimatter engines and compact fusion drives that allow humans to travel to other stars on timescales shorter than their own lives. But what if those technologies never materialize? Are we imprisoned by the vastness of space—doomed to rema

Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics?
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The people behind the greatest leaps in physics - Einstein, Newton, Heisenberg, all had the uncanny ability to see the fundamentals - see the deepest, underlying facts about the world, and from simple statements about reality they built up their incredible theories. Well what if we all had a recipe book for doing exactly this.

How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible
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Today I’m going to explain why you’re not falling through your chair right now using one simple fact, and one object. The fact is that all electrons are the same as each other, and the object is a structurally critical item of my clothing. There’s a chance this episode could get very weird.
Electron

RECENT EVIDENCE: Earth Had Rings (and Might Reclaim Them)
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Planet Earth is the jewel of the solar system—the shimmery blue oceans, the verdant green forests, the wispy whimsical cloud formations. Saturn is the only competitor for most gorgeous planet with that giant ring system. Hmm… what if we could put the jewel of the Earth in its own ring? Then

How Far Beyond Earth Could Humanity Travel?
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We humans have always been explorers. The great civilizat

Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth?
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While recent news about the Chinese Long March 5 Rocket made a lot of people very nervous because a 22-ton rocket was going to fall out of the sky, this sort of thing happens all the time. Boosters, dead satellites, and sometimes even old space stations get dropped out of the sky fairly often. While t

Does Infinity - Infinity = an Electron?
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What do you get if you take something that’s infinitely massive and combining with something else that’s negative infinitely massive? You get a single electron, at least that’s what it looks like in our most precise way of describing the quantum world.
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How Much Of The Universe Can Humanity Ever Witness?
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There’s an absolute limit to our access to the universe beyond our own galaxy. There’s a li

The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It
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Ever wish you could travel backward in time and do things differently? Good news: the laws of physics seem to say traveling backward in time is the same as traveling

First Detection of Light from Behind a Black Hole
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How do you see the unseeable - how do you explore the inescapable? Our cleverest astronomers have figured out ways to catch light that skims the very edge of black holes. Let’s find out what they learned.
A few weeks ago a story made the rounds of pop-sci media proclaiming that fo

What Does An Electron ACTUALLY Seem Like?
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What does an electron really look like? I mean, if we zoom in all the way. Is it a sizeless speck of charge? Is it a multidimensional vortex of q

How The Penrose Singularity Theorem Predicts The End of Space Time
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The Nobel prize in physics this year went to black holes. Generally speaking. Specifically, it was shared by the astronomers who revealed to us the Milky Way’s central black hole and by Roger Penrose, who proved that in general relativity, every black hole contains

The Truth About Beauty in Physics
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The great physicist Hermann Weyl once said: "My work always tried to unite the true with the beautiful, but when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful." But is this actually good advice for doing physics?
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JWST Discovered The Furthest Star Ever Observed!
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To understand where we came from—how earth, the solar system, the galaxy became what they are today—we need to understand the beginning of time. For example, how did the first galaxies pul

Could We Decipher Alien Physics?
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How hard can it really be to decode alien physics and engineering? It’s gotta map to our own physics - I mean, we live in the same universe. We start by noticing that the alien technology

What UNEXPLORED SCIENCE Would We Discover with a Moon Telescope?
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In order to see the faint light from objects in deepest space, astronomers go to the darkest places on the planet. In order to listen to their quite radio signals, they head as far from an

Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe?
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Reality has cracks in it. Universe-spanning filaments of ancient Big Bang energy, formed from topological de

How Does Gravity Warp the Flow of Time?
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There’s a deep connection between gravity and time - gravitational fields seem to slow the pace of time in what we call gravitational time dilation. And today we’ll e

The Final Obstacle to (Nearly) Infinite Energy
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They say fusion is 50 years away, no matter when you ask. Then why are billions suddenly being pumped into fusion startups? Yes to train LLMs, but there's a reason the technobrats are bullish on fusion in particular. The fact is, the technological challenges

What If Alien Life Ran on Silicon?
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Life as we know it is carbon-based, but does it have to be this way? There’s another elemen

Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs?
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Black holes are a paradox. They are paradoxical because they simultaneously must exist but can’t, and so they break physics as we know it. Many physicists will tell you that the best way to fix broken physics is with string. String theory, in fact. And in the black ho

Gravitational Wave Background Discovered?
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It was pretty impressive when LIGO detected gravitational waves from colliding black holes. Well we’ve

Does Axionic Dark Matter Fuse Galaxies Together?
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Quantum mechanics is our best theory of the fundamental nature of reality, but it's usually only distinguishable from familiar classical mechanics on the smallest scales. However, there ar

Will The Sun's Magnetic Poles Flip This Year?
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Solar activity is still increasing in a sunspot cycle that is proving way more intense than scientists predicted. Just how much stronger is it going to get?
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What Makes The Strong Force Powerful?
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Quantum mechanics gets weirder as you go to smaller sizes and higher energies. It’s strange enough for atoms, but

Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds?
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Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics proposes that every time a quantum event gets decided, the universe splits so that every possible outcome really does occur. But where exactly are those worlds, and can we ever see them?
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Why Antimatter Engines Could Blast Off In Your Lifetime
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Antimatter drives sound like science fiction, but they may not be as far as you think. There’s a version that could, just maybe, launch wit

What Supernova Distance Would Initiate Mass Extinction?
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The deaths of massive stars results in one of the most beautiful and violent events in the

Theory of Everything Livestreams with Amazing Guests
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Why Did Quantum Entanglement Secure the Nobel Prize in Physics?
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The Nobel prize in physics is typically awarded to scientists who make sense of nature; those whose discoveries render the univ

Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe
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We’ve traveled to lots of weird places on this show - from the interiors of black holes to the time before the big bang. But today I want to take you on a journey to what has got to be the weirdest place in the modern universe - a place where matter exists in states I bet you’ve never heard of. Today

Why Is The World Returning To The Moon So Quickly?
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The Moon has been one of the most important theoretical stepping stones to our understanding of the universe. We’ve long understood that it could also be our literal stepping stone: humanity’s first destination beyond our atmosphere.
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What If We Inhabit a Superdeterministic Universe?
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Today we’re going to try to save reality - or at least realism. However this rescue effort has a price; one that you may not be willing to pay. Your very soul, or at least your free will,

Do We Live in the Most Exceptional Solar System In The Universe? We're about to find out!
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There are lots of reasons to search for planets around other stars—exoplanets. A big one is to find other places in the universe that might harbor life. We only know of one such planet so far: Earth.

Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting!
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When a theory makes a prediction that disagrees with an experimental test, sometimes it means we should throw the theory away. But what if that theory has otherwise produced the most successful predictions in all

Does Antimatter Yield Anti-Gravity?
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From hoverboards to flying cars to cloud cities, anti-gravity is a staple of science fiction and our dream of a less
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