PBS Space Time
Space Time explores the outer reaches of space, the craziness of astrophysics, the possibilities of sci-fi, and anything else you can think of beyond Planet Earth with our astrophysicist host: Matthew O’Dowd. Matt O'Dowd spends his time studying the universe, especially really far-away things like quasars, super-massive black holes, and evolving galaxies. He uses telescopes in space to do it. Matt completed his Ph.D. at NASA's Space Telescope Science Institute, followed by work at the University of Melbourne and Columbia University. He's now a professor at the City University of New York's Lehman College and an Associate at the American Museum of Natural History's Hayden Planetarium.
Episodes
Heisenberg Made a Discovery in 1925. We Still Can't Fully Account for It
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2025 is … was the international year of quantum science and technology. Yes because quantum tech is increasingly important, but especially because quantum mechanics was invented 100 years ago this year.
The Final Obstacle to (Nearly) Infinite Energy
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They say fusion is 50 years away, no matter when you ask. Then why are billions suddenly being pumped into fusion startups? Yes to train LLMs, but there's a reason the technobrats are bullish on fusion in particular. The fact is, the technological challenges
Do We Need an UPDATED Dark Matter Model?
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We have no idea what dark matter is, other than it’s some source of gravity that is completely invisible but exerts way more pull that all of the regular matter. More than all of the star
How Are Quasiparticles Separate From Particles?
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The device you’re watching this video on is best understood by thinking about positive and negative ch
What Supernova Distance Would Initiate Mass Extinction?
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The deaths of massive stars results in one of the most beautiful and violent events in the
The Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained!
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You’ve probably heard about the James Webb Space Telescope and seen some cool pictures. But why should astronomers have all
What Happens If A Black Hole Hits Earth?
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The possibility that a black hole could actually impact Earth may seem straight out of science fiction, but the reality is that microscopic primordial black holes could actually hit Earth. If one did, it wouldn't just impact like an asteroid, it'd pass straight through
The Gravity Particle Ought to Be Real. So Where Is It?
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Physics is this close to understanding the entire universe. And what lives in this gap? Many physicists think it’s the elusive graviton—the quantum particle of gravity—whose discovery will finally allow us
How Does The Nucleus Keep Together?
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Will The Big Bang Happen ANEW (and Anew)?
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How did the universe begin? How can something come from nothing? One way to “solve” this most difficult of philosophical conundrums is to avoid it altogether. Maybe the universe didn’t begin. Maybe the Big Bang was just one in an endless cycle.
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Why Is 1/137 One of the Biggest Unsolved Mysteries In Physics?
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JWST Discovered The Furthest Star Ever Observed!
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To understand where we came from—how earth, the solar system, the galaxy became what they are today—we need to understand the beginning of time. For example, how did the first galaxies pul
Could We Decipher Alien Physics?
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How hard can it really be to decode alien physics and engineering? It’s gotta map to our own physics - I mean, we live in the same universe. We start by noticing that the alien technology
How Far Beyond Earth Could Humanity Travel?
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We humans have always been explorers. The great civilizat
What If We Inhabit a Superdeterministic Universe?
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Today we’re going to try to save reality - or at least realism. However this rescue effort has a price; one that you may not be willing to pay. Your very soul, or at least your free will,
Was Penrose Right? RECENT FINDINGS For Quantum Effects In The Brain
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Nobel laureate Roger Penrose is widely held to be one of the most brilliant living physicists for his wide-ranging work from black holes to cosmology. And then there’s his idea about how consciousness is caused by quantum processe
Does Antimatter Yield Anti-Gravity?
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From hoverboards to flying cars to cloud cities, anti-gravity is a staple of science fiction and our dream of a less
Do We Live in the Most Exceptional Solar System In The Universe? We're about to find out!
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There are lots of reasons to search for planets around other stars—exoplanets. A big one is to find other places in the universe that might harbor life. We only know of one such planet so far: Earth.
How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gaseous State?
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Supercritical Fluids are one the strangest states of matter and yet they are found everywhere from Decaf Coffee, to dry
Is the Proxima System Our Best Hope For Another Earth?
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At just four light years away, Proxima Centauri is our closest solar neighbor. The recent discovery of the
How to Find ALIEN Dyson Spheres
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On our search for alien lifeforms we scan for primitive biosignatures, and wait and hope for their errant s
How Astrophysics Can (LITERALLY) Preserve Civilization
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Giant space rocks are definitely going to hit the Earth again. We actually do know how to deflect them, but only if we find them and correctly assess their risk. But the solar system is a chaotic place. How is it even possible to tell if a space rock will one day collide with the Earth?
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Does Many Worlds Justify Quantum Probabilities?
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Principle of Indifference Proof:
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The mystery of what happens when we go from a superposition to a definite s
Black Holes. Dissected. For 1.5 Hours.
Black holes are not just the strangest objects in the universe, they're the sharpest test we have of how reality actually works. This episode explores how these extreme cosmic laboratories force general relativity and quantum physics into direct confrontation. We look back through a decade of content to understand their formation and the theoretical diagrams that describe them, offering a journey
Your DNA's Codes Are (Almost Certainly) From Outer Space
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Did you know that many of us have up to 4% neanderthal DNA? And that 100% of your DNA may come from outer space? No joke. The biochemistry that defined the coding system of your DNA may have happened off-world, and perhaps even long before Earth existed.
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Why Is The World Returning To The Moon So Quickly?
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The Moon has been one of the most important theoretical stepping stones to our understanding of the universe. We’ve long understood that it could also be our literal stepping stone: humanity’s first destination beyond our atmosphere.
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RECENT EVIDENCE: Earth Had Rings (and Might Reclaim Them)
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Planet Earth is the jewel of the solar system—the shimmery blue oceans, the verdant green forests, the wispy whimsical cloud formations. Saturn is the only competitor for most gorgeous planet with that giant ring system. Hmm… what if we could put the jewel of the Earth in its own ring? Then
RECENT DISCOVERY About Supermassive Black Holes Explained!
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Astrophysicists have discovered a black hole that for millions of years has been blasting vast particle beams in opposite directions across the sky. And has recently swiveled to point its
The Universe Itself Might Be Withholding the Gravity Particle From Us
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To progress to the next level in understanding reality, we need to combine quantum mechanics and Einstein’s general relativity. And to do that, most physicists believe we need a theory of quan
How a One-in-a-Billion Blunder Made the Universe Possible
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At one-one-thousandth of a second after the Big Bang, the great annihilation event should have wiped out al
Is Gravity RANDOM Not Quantized?
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The holy grail of theoretical physics is to find the long-sought theory of quantum gravity. But what if this theory is as mythical as the grail of legend? What if gravity isn’t weirdly quantum at all, but rather … just a bit messy
What If Charge is NOT Fundamental?
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If you've studied any physics you know that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. But why? It's as though this thing -
Where Is The Center of The Universe?
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Today we’re going to ask a simple-seeming question t
How To Simulate The Universe With DFT
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If you used every particle in the observable universe to do a full quantum simulation, how big would that
Could The Universe Be Inside A Black Hole?
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What is inside a black hole? Inevitable crushing doom? Gateways to other universes? Weird, multidimensional librar
The Universe Itself Might Be Veiling the Gravity Particle From Us
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To progress to the next level in understanding reality, we need to combine quantum mechanics and Einstein’s general relativity. And to do that, most physicists believe we need a theory of quan
What if Humans Are NOT Our Planet's First Civilization? | Silurian Hypothesis
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We’re almost certainly the first technological civilizatio
Quantum Energy Teleportation Actually EXISTS!
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The vacuum of space is a chaotic sea of quantum fluctuations. Some have said that this vacuum energy can be harvested to build our future starship engines, or manipulated to build warp drives. It can't. But it is technically possible to move real energy through the quantum vacuum without it passing through interve
What If Space And Time Are Unreal?
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Physics progresses by breaking our intuitions, but we’re now at a point where further progr
Did JWST EXPLAIN The Mystery of Supermassive Black Hole Origins?
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This is what we astronomers call a blob, or a smudge, if you want to get really technical. It may not look like much from here, but what do you expect for something near the literal edge of the observable universe. If you were there when this light was e
The REVOLUTIONARY PHYSICS of Black Hole Star Capture | Extreme Tidal Disruption Events
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If you track the motion of individual stars in the ultra-dense star cluster at the very center of the Milky Way you’ll see that they swing in sharp orbits around some vast but invisible ma
The REAL Possibility of Imaging Alien Planets!
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I’m going to tell you about the craziest proposal for an astrophysics missio
How Many Forms Of Matter Exist?
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Let’s talk about states of matter. You know
Did AI Invalidate Our Proton Model WRONG?
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The humble proton may seem simple enough, and they’re certainly common. People are made of cells, cells are made of molecules, molecules are made of atoms, atoms are made of electrons, pro
Year End Q&A
In this 2022 end of year, Ask Matt anything, Matt discussed the upcoming year ahead for Space Time, Black Holes, the problem with the question of free will, the nature of photons of light and more!
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How To Build The Universe in a Computer
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We routinely s
Does the Universe Create Itself?
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Imagine you’re leading a game of 20 questions and you forget the thing you chose half way through. You have to kee
Why Did Attosecond Physics Take Home the NOBEL PRIZE?
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe we discover something new. Whether it's figuring out how to see to gre
What If The Universe DID NOT Emerge From The Big Bang?
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Here’s the story we like to tell about the beginning of the universe. Space is expanding evenly everywhere, but if you rewind that expansion you find that all of space was once compacted in an infinitesimal point of infinite
Did JWST Identify Dark Matter Stars?
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We knew that the James Webb Space Telescope would find interesting stuff, especially about the mysterious early times.
Is There A Basic Answer To The Fermi Paradox?
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Around 2 billion years ago, life had plateaued in complexity, ruined the atmosphere, and was on the verge of self-annihilation. But then something strange and potentially
Can The Crisis in Cosmology Be EXPLAINED By Cosmic Voids?
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Two of the greatest mysteries in cosmology are the nature of dark energy and the apparent conflict in our measurements of the expansion rate of the early versus the modern universe that even dark energy can’t account for. Could bo
Fermions Vs. Bosons Explained by Statistical Mechanics!
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If I roll a pair of dice and you get to bet on one number, what do you choose? The smart choice is 7 because there are
Can a Particle Be Neither Matter Nor a Force?
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All particles belong to two large groups: fermions like protons and elect
Does Space Materialize From A Holographic Boundary?
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Space seems fundamental. To build a universe, surely you need something to build it on or in. Many, maybe most physicists now think that the fabric of space emerges from something deeper. And perhaps the most existentially disturb
What If The Cosmological Constant Wasn't Truly Constant?
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We know that the universe is getting bigger. And we know that the speed that the universe is getting bigger is also getting bigger. The standard assumption is that the acceleration rate is itself constant, which will s
Does the Planck Length Disrupt E=MC^2?
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Every good nerd knows that E=mc^2. Every great nerd knows that, really, E^2=m^2c^4+p^2c^2 Want to know what that even means? Sure, I’ll tell you, but today I’d like to invite you to an even higher level of nerdom with extra bits to Einstein’s famous equation that will make even the greatest nerds quiver in their …
How the Higgs Mechanism Give Things Mass
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Fermilab physicists really care about the mass of the W boson. They spent nearly a decade recording collisions in
Space DOES NOT Expand Everywhere
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Space is big, and it’s getting bigger. But where does all that new space actually come from? And is it popping into existence all around you right now? Is that why the remote control is al
How Supernovas Behave as the Universe's Greatest Particle Accelerators
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Cern's Large Hadron Collider routinely collides particles at energies equivalent to a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. If this worries you, then the following fact will either put you at ease or scare the hell out of you.
What Occurs Within a Proton?
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If we ever want to simulate a universe, we should probably learn to simulate even a single atomic nucleus. But it’s taken some of the most incredible ingenuity of the past half-century to
Is Our Model of Dark Energy BROKEN? | New 4.2σ Results
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The biggest news in cosmology in recent years is that the mysterious universe-accelerating entity we call dark energy may be fading away. The evidence for this is now strong enough that enormous effort is going into confirming this result. So what’s it going to take, and when are we going to know?
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The Equation That Illuminates (Nearly) Everything!
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The Standard Model of particle physics is arguably the most successful theory in the history of physics. It predicts t
Do Neutron Stars Gleam Within Dark Matter?
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Neutron stars aren't dark matter--we figured that out a while ago. But new research is telling us that they may be dark matter factories. They may produce the exotic axion, one of the most popular da
How Does Gravity Escape A Black Hole?
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Fact: in a black hole, all of the mass is concentrated at the singularity at the very center. Fact: every black h
Do Black Holes Have to Remain Black?
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The primary characteristic that defines black holes is in the name. Black holes are black. The gravitational pull at the event horizon is so powerful that not even light can escape. In this case, black means absence o
The FRESH SCIENCE of Moon Formation
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Einstein once asked whether “the moon exists only when I look at it?". It was rhetorical objection to the idea that mea
The Crisis In Physics: Are We Failing To Detect 17 Layers of Reality?
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Big things are made of smaller things, and those smaller things are made of smaller things still. That’s reductionism in a nutshell, and digging our way to the smallest layer has been one of the primary goals of physics for ever. But what if, just before we reach the bottom, we find out that reductionism fails?
S
Are The Fundamental Constants Delicately Tuned? | The Naturalness Problem
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Did God have any choice in creating the world? So asked Albert Einstein. He was being poetic. What he really meant, was whether the universe could have been any other way. Could it have had different laws of physics, driven by different fundamental constants. Or is this one vast and complex universe the inevitable result of an inevitable and
What Transpires To Quantum Information Inside A Black Hole?
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Meet Alice and Bob, famous explorers of the abstract landscape of theoretical physics. Heroes of the gerdankenexperiment—the thought experiment—whose life mission is to find contradictions in the deepest layers of our theories. To
What If A Black Hole Dwelt Inside The Sun? | Hawking Stars
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A fun nightmare sci-fi scenario is the sun being consumed by
What's Your Brain's Purpose in Producing Space & Time?
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Physics is the business of figuring out the structure of the world. So are our brains. But sometimes physics comes to conclusions that are in direct conflict with concepts fundamental to o
How Can Humanity Evolve Into a Kardashev Type 1 Civilization?
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Imagine a world where humanity masters every planetary resource available to it—our first step on the famous Kardeshev scale of technological advancement. How distant is that step? Will we even become a true Type-1 civilization, and how can we g
Does Axionic Dark Matter Fuse Galaxies Together?
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Quantum mechanics is our best theory of the fundamental nature of reality, but it's usually only distinguishable from familiar classical mechanics on the smallest scales. However, there ar
What If the Galactic Habitable Zone LIMITS Intelligent Life?
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Our solar system is a tiny bubble of habitability suspended in a vast universe that mostly wants to kill us. In fact, a
Could LIGO Find GIANT Alien Spacecraft?
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe, we discover things that no one expected. Our newfound ability to measure ripples in the fabric of spacetime—gravitational waves—is a very new
The Nature of Space and Time AMA
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What if Singularities FAIL to Exist?
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It's not too often that a giant of physics threatens to overturn an idea held to be self-evident by generations of physicists. Well, that may be the fate of the famous Penrose Singularity Theorem if we're to believe a recent paper by Roy Kerr. Long story short, the terrible singula
What If Dark Energy is an Undiscovered Quantum Field?
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What is Quintessence? Well we know that something is up with the way the universe is expanding - there’s some kind of anti-gravitational effect that’s causing the expansion to accelerate.
What If Space is NOT Hollow?
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Spacetime on its smallest scales is a seething ocean of black holes and wormholes flickering into and out of exis
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