
PBS Space Time
Space Time explores the outer reaches of space, the craziness of astrophysics, the possibilities of sci-fi, and anything else you can think of beyond Planet Earth with our astrophysicist host: Matthew O’Dowd. Matt O'Dowd spends his time studying the universe, especially really far-away things like quasars, super-massive black holes, and evolving galaxies. He uses telescopes in space to do it. Matt completed his Ph.D. at NASA's Space Telescope Science Institute, followed by work at the University of Melbourne and Columbia University. He's now a professor at the City University of New York's Lehman College and an Associate at the American Museum of Natural History's Hayden Planetarium.
Episodes

Did AI Invalidate Our Proton Model WRONG?
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The humble proton may seem simple enough, and they’re certainly common. People are made of cells, cells are made of molecules, molecules are made of atoms, atoms are made of electrons, pro

How Many Forms Of Matter Exist?
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Let’s talk about states of matter. You know

Zeno's Paradox & The Quantum Zeno Effect
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“A moving arrow is at rest.” This is obviously a no

Why Do You Remember The Past But Not The Future?
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The laws of physics don’t specify an arrow of time - they don’t distinguish the past from the future. The equations we use to describe how things evolve forward in ti

Did Time Start at the Big Bang?
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Our universe started with the big bang. But only for the right definition of “our universe”. And of “started” for that matter. In fact, probably the B

Can Future Colliders Break the Standard Model?
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Do Neutron Stars Gleam Within Dark Matter?
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Neutron stars aren't dark matter--we figured that out a while ago. But new research is telling us that they may be dark matter factories. They may produce the exotic axion, one of the most popular da

What If Our Understanding of Gravity Is Wrong?
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What if there is no such thing as dark matter? What if our understanding of gravity is just wrong? New work is taking another shot at that Einstein guy. Let’s see if we’ve finally scored a hit with Modified Newtonian Dyna

Is There Support For a Vast Multiverse?
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In 1987, Steven Weinberg wrote a cute little paper entitled “Anthropic Bound on the Cosmological Constant”. I say cute little paper because it feels minor in comparison to, say, electroweak unification theory that won him the Nobel Prize. Weinberg was foundational in establishing the standard model of particle physics, and represented an en

The Crisis in Physics: Why the Higgs Boson Should Never Exist!
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According to quantum physics, the universe should have collapsed on itself in the instant after the Big Bang due to all particles being 100 million billion times heavier. Recent observations of the universe existing suggest that this may not have happened. Even more recent experiments at the Large Hardron Collider have failed to find out wh

How To Identify Black Holes By Catching Neutrinos
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Neutrinos are one of the most bizarre of known particles. Black holes are probably the most

Do the Past and Future Exist?
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Is all that exists just whatever exists right now? Is the past erased and the future a void yet to be filled? Well, the answer lies in between the past and the future - in the elusive, ever-moving eye-blink that we call the present.
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How To Observe Faster Than Light Travel
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Warp drives may or may not be possible, but if they are then could a distant alien civilization’s warp fields produce gravitational waves that we could see here on Earth? According to a recent study.. Actually maybe, at least even

The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It
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Ever wish you could travel backward in time and do things differently? Good news: the laws of physics seem to say traveling backward in time is the same as traveling

The Truth About Beauty in Physics
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The great physicist Hermann Weyl once said: "My work always tried to unite the true with the beautiful, but when I had to choose one or the other, I usually chose the beautiful." But is this actually good advice for doing physics?
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Could LIGO Find GIANT Alien Spacecraft?
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Whenever we open a new window on the universe, we discover things that no one expected. Our newfound ability to measure ripples in the fabric of spacetime—gravitational waves—is a very new

Can We Propel THE SUN?
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Interstellar travel is horrible-what with the cramped quarters of your spaceship and only the thin hull separating you from deathly cold and deadly cosmic rays. Much safer to stay on here

How Supernovas Behave as the Universe's Greatest Particle Accelerators
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Cern's Large Hadron Collider routinely collides particles at energies equivalent to a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. If this worries you, then the following fact will either put you at ease or scare the hell out of you.

Is The Future Predetermined By Quantum Mechanics?
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Einstein’s special theory of relativity combines space and time into one dynamic, unified entity - spacetime. But if time is connected to space, could the universe be anything but deterministic? And does that mean that the future is predestined?
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How Do We Know What Stars Are Made Of?
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Pin-pricks in the celestial sphere, through which shines the light of heaven? Or gods and heroes looking down from their constellations? Or li

How Does Gravity Warp the Flow of Time?
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There’s a deep connection between gravity and time - gravitational fields seem to slow the pace of time in what we call gravitational time dilation. And today we’ll e

Dissolving an Event Horizon
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What UNEXPLORED SCIENCE Would We Discover with a Moon Telescope?
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In order to see the faint light from objects in deepest space, astronomers go to the darkest places on the planet. In order to listen to their quite radio signals, they head as far from an

What If Gravity is NOT An Elementary Force? | Entropic Gravity
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There are four fundamental forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity. Except maybe gravity is no more fundamental than the force of a stretched elastic ban

Have We SOLVED The Black Hole Information Paradox with Wormholes?
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Black holes are very real, but are also a theoretical nightmare. It turns out that in order to make sense of their paradoxical nature, every black hole has to be thought of as a multitude

What Does An Electron ACTUALLY Seem Like?
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What does an electron really look like? I mean, if we zoom in all the way. Is it a sizeless speck of charge? Is it a multidimensional vortex of q

The Boundary Between Black Holes & Neutron Stars
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Can We Generate New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table?
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Scientists have been slowly extending the periodic table one element at a time, pushing to higher and higher masses, and have discovered some incredibly useful materials along the way. B

The Science of the James Webb Telescope Explained!
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You’ve probably heard about the James Webb Space Telescope and seen some cool pictures. But why should astronomers have all

Does Antimatter Explain Why There's Something Rather Than Nothing?
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Hacking the Nature of Reality
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How To Know If It's Aliens
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There’s one rule on Space Time: It’s never Aliens. But every rule has an exception and this rule is no exception because: It’s never aliens, until it is. So is it aliens yet? And on today’s Space Time we’re going to examine all the best case scenarios for life beyond Earth.
If you want more alien co

Interstellar Expansion WITHOUT Exceeding the Speed of Light
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In the far future we may have advanced propulsion technologies like matter-antimatter engines and compact fusion drives that allow humans to travel to other stars on timescales shorter than their own lives. But what if those technologies never materialize? Are we imprisoned by the vastness of space—doomed to rema

Heisenberg Made a Discovery in 1925. We Still Can't Fully Account for It
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2025 is … was the international year of quantum science and technology. Yes because quantum tech is increasingly important, but especially because quantum mechanics was invented 100 years ago this year.

How The Penrose Singularity Theorem Predicts The End of Space Time
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The Nobel prize in physics this year went to black holes. Generally speaking. Specifically, it was shared by the astronomers who revealed to us the Milky Way’s central black hole and by Roger Penrose, who proved that in general relativity, every black hole contains

The Final Obstacle to (Nearly) Infinite Energy
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They say fusion is 50 years away, no matter when you ask. Then why are billions suddenly being pumped into fusion startups? Yes to train LLMs, but there's a reason the technobrats are bullish on fusion in particular. The fact is, the technological challenges

Building Black Holes in a Lab
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Was the Milky Way a Quasar?
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How Vacuum Decay Would Destroy The Universe
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The universe is going to end. But of all the possible ends of the universe vacuum decay would have to be the most thorough - because it could totally rewrite the laws of physics. Today I hope to help you understand exactly how terrified you should be.
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Will Constructor Theory REWRITE Physics?
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The people behind the greatest leaps in physics - Einstein, Newton, Heisenberg, all had the uncanny ability to see the fundamentals - see the deepest, underlying facts about the world, and from simple statements about reality they built up their incredible theories. Well what if we all had a recipe book for doing exactly this.

The Arrow of Time and How to Reverse It
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Ever wish you could travel backward in time and do things differently? Good news: the laws of physics seem to say traveling backward in time is the same as traveling

Deciphering The Vast Scale of the Universe | STELLAR
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One of the fundamental questions humanity has always asked is how big is our Universe? For much of human history, people believed that Planet Earth was

Can Interstellar Travel Be Possible?
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Space is pretty deadly. But is it so deadly that we’re effectively imprisoned in our solar system forever? Many have said so, but a few have actually figured it out.
Check out the Space T

JWST Discovered The Furthest Star Ever Observed!
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To understand where we came from—how earth, the solar system, the galaxy became what they are today—we need to understand the beginning of time. For example, how did the first galaxies pul

Can Black Holes Integrate General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics?
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Black holes are inevitable predictions of general relativity—our best theory of space, time and gravity. But they clash in multiple ways with quantum mechanics, our equally successful description of the subatomic world. One such c

Could We Terraform Mars?
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Humanity’s future is glorious. As we master space travel, we’ll hop from one lifeless world to the next. Life will blossom in our path and the galaxy with shimmer with beautiful Earth-like orbs. Hmmm… maybe. This won’t sound so far f

Why We Might Be Alone in the Universe
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Why does it appear, that humanity is the lone intelligence in the universe? The answer might be that

The Evolution of the Modern Milky Way Galaxy
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When we scan the heavens with giant telescopes we see galactic cannibalism everywhere. We see moments that app

RECENT EVIDENCE: Earth Had Rings (and Might Reclaim Them)
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Planet Earth is the jewel of the solar system—the shimmery blue oceans, the verdant green forests, the wispy whimsical cloud formations. Saturn is the only competitor for most gorgeous planet with that giant ring system. Hmm… what if we could put the jewel of the Earth in its own ring? Then

Could We Decipher Alien Physics?
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How hard can it really be to decode alien physics and engineering? It’s gotta map to our own physics - I mean, we live in the same universe. We start by noticing that the alien technology

Why Time Flows Differently Across Galaxies
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The universe is expanding and that expansion is accelerating under the power of dark energy and eventually all matter and energy will be dispersed over such unthinkable distances that nothing can stop space from blowing up infinitely. Unless of course cosmolo

How Far Beyond Earth Could Humanity Travel?
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We humans have always been explorers. The great civilizat

What If Alien Life Ran on Silicon?
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Life as we know it is carbon-based, but does it have to be this way? There’s another elemen

How We Know The Earth Is Ancient
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Was Penrose Right? RECENT FINDINGS For Quantum Effects In The Brain
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Nobel laureate Roger Penrose is widely held to be one of the most brilliant living physicists for his wide-ranging work from black holes to cosmology. And then there’s his idea about how consciousness is caused by quantum processe

Are Black Holes Actually Fuzzballs?
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Black holes are a paradox. They are paradoxical because they simultaneously must exist but can’t, and so they break physics as we know it. Many physicists will tell you that the best way to fix broken physics is with string. String theory, in fact. And in the black ho

How Electron Spin Makes Matter Possible
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Today I’m going to explain why you’re not falling through your chair right now using one simple fact, and one object. The fact is that all electrons are the same as each other, and the object is a structurally critical item of my clothing. There’s a chance this episode could get very weird.
Electron

How Eclipses Demonstrated Our Solar System
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Of all the astronomical phenomena you can witness, the total solar eclipse has to be the most visceral--the most in-your-face reminder that our reality consists of giant balls of rock spinning around stars. It's also

Was the Gravitational Wave Background Finally Identified?!?
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A few weeks ago a large team of gravitational wave astronomers announced something pretty wild. The moderately con

Are We Running Out of Space Above Earth?
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While recent news about the Chinese Long March 5 Rocket made a lot of people very nervous because a 22-ton rocket was going to fall out of the sky, this sort of thing happens all the time. Boosters, dead satellites, and sometimes even old space stations get dropped out of the sky fairly often. While t

Solving the Three Body Problem
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What If Physics IS NOT Describing Reality?
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Neils Bohr said, “It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how Nature is. Physics concerns what we can say about Nature.” Well it turns out that if we pay attention to this subtle dif

EMP Attack: The Factual Science of Electromagnetic Pulse
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EMPs aren’t science fiction. Real militaries are experimenting on real EMP generators, and as Starfish Prime showed us, space nukes can send powerful EMPs to the surface. So what exactly i

The Supernova At The End of Time
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Good news everyone: it looks like the universe is going to end with a series of catastrophic explosions. The very, very long story short is that the universe ends in

Are Cosmic Strings Cracks in the Universe?
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*****
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Reality has cracks in it. Universe-spanning filaments of ancient Big Bang energy, formed from topological de

Where Are The Worlds In Many Worlds?
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Many Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics proposes that every time a quantum event gets decided, the universe splits so that every possible outcome really does occur. But where exactly are those worlds, and can we ever see them?
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Is Pluto a Planet?
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You know what a planet is, right?

Neutron Stars: The Most Extreme Objects in the Universe
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We’ve traveled to lots of weird places on this show - from the interiors of black holes to the time before the big bang. But today I want to take you on a journey to what has got to be the weirdest place in the modern universe - a place where matter exists in states I bet you’ve never heard of. Today

Does Infinity - Infinity = an Electron?
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What do you get if you take something that’s infinitely massive and combining with something else that’s negative infinitely massive? You get a single electron, at least that’s what it looks like in our most precise way of describing the quantum world.
15% O

RECENT DISCOVERY About Supermassive Black Holes Explained!
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Astrophysicists have discovered a black hole that for millions of years has been blasting vast particle beams in opposite directions across the sky. And has recently swiveled to point its

What If Gravity Remains Non-Quantum?
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The holy grail of theoretical physics is to come up with a quantum theory of gravity. But after a century of trying we r

The Universe Itself Might Be Withholding the Gravity Particle From Us
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To progress to the next level in understanding reality, we need to combine quantum mechanics and Einstein’s general relativity. And to do that, most physicists believe we need a theory of quan

Gravitational Wave Background Discovered?
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It was pretty impressive when LIGO detected gravitational waves from colliding black holes. Well we’ve

What if Humans Are NOT Our Planet's First Civilization? | Silurian Hypothesis
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We’re almost certainly the first technological civilizatio

How Can Matter Be BOTH Liquid AND Gaseous State?
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Supercritical Fluids are one the strangest states of matter and yet they are found everywhere from Decaf Coffee, to dry

Navigating with Quantum Entanglement
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We often think of quantum mechanics as only affecting only the small

What Caused the Big Bang?
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Every astronomy textbook tells us that soon after the Big Bang, there was a period of exponentially accelerating expansion calle

How Much Of The Universe Can Humanity Ever Witness?
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There’s an absolute limit to our access to the universe beyond our own galaxy. There’s a li

Why the Muon g-2 Results Are So Exciting!
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When a theory makes a prediction that disagrees with an experimental test, sometimes it means we should throw the theory away. But what if that theory has otherwise produced the most successful predictions in all

Does Antimatter Yield Anti-Gravity?
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From hoverboards to flying cars to cloud cities, anti-gravity is a staple of science fiction and our dream of a less
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